Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: advances in diagnosis and vaccine development

Yong, Chean Yeah; Ong, Hui Kian; Tang, Hooi Chia; Yeap, Swee Keong; Omar, Abdul Rahman; Ho, Ken; Tan, Wen

doi:10.7717/peerj.7151

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…The BC93-057 isolate of IHNV (genogroup U) was propagated and quantified using Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells using standard techniques [ 26 ]. Specifically, virus stock with less than three in vitro passages was used to inoculate a monolayer of EPC cells at a multiplicity of infection of 0.001.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, IHNV causes significant disease (infectious hematopoietic necrosis; IHN) and mortality in sockeye salmon by targeting the endothelial cells of blood capillaries and hematopoietic tissues of the kidney. The virus has been one of the most impactful pathogens to salmon aquaculture over the last century [ 25 , 26 ], and salmon (including sockeye) are known to employ a number of IHNV-resistance strategies that include the robust induction of interferons [ 25 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish

et al. 2021

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Background Viruses can impose energetic demands on organisms they infect, in part by hosts mounting resistance. Recognizing that oxygen uptake reliably indicates steady-state energy consumption in all vertebrates, we comprehensively evaluated oxygen uptake and select transcriptomic messaging in sockeye salmon challenged with either a virulent rhabdovirus (IHNV) or a low-virulent reovirus (PRV). We tested three hypotheses relating to the energetic costs of viral resistance and tolerance in this vertebrate system: (1) mounting resistance incurs a metabolic cost or limitation, (2) induction of the innate antiviral interferon system compromises homeostasis, and (3) antiviral defenses are weakened by acute stress. Results IHNV infections either produced mortality within 1–4 weeks or the survivors cleared infections within 1–9 weeks. Transcription of three interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was strongly correlated with IHNV load but not respiratory performance. Instead, early IHNV resistance was associated with a mean 19% (95% CI = 7–31%; p = 0.003) reduction in standard metabolic rate. The stress of exhaustive exercise did not increase IHNV transcript loads, but elevated host inflammatory transcriptional signaling up to sevenfold. For PRV, sockeye tolerated high-load systemic PRV blood infections. ISG transcription was transiently induced at peak PRV loads without associated morbidity, microscopic lesions, or major changes in aerobic or anaerobic respiratory performance, but some individuals with high-load blood infections experienced a transient, minor reduction in hemoglobin concentration and increased duration of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Conclusions Contrary to our first hypothesis, effective resistance against life-threatening rhabdovirus infections or tolerance to high-load reovirus infections incurred minimal metabolic costs to salmon. Even robust systemic activation of the interferon system did not levy an allostatic load sufficient to compromise host homeostasis or respiratory performance, rejecting our second hypothesis that this ancient innate vertebrate antiviral defense is itself energetically expensive. Lastly, an acute stress experienced during testing did not weaken host antiviral defenses sufficiently to promote viral replication; however, a possibility for disease intensification contingent upon underlying inflammation was indicated. These data cumulatively demonstrate that fundamental innate vertebrate defense strategies against potentially life-threatening viral exposure impose limited putative costs on concurrent aerobic or energetic demands of the organism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish

et al. 2021

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“…IHNV DNA vaccination is highly effective in rainbow trout against immersion challenge ( 6 , 12 – 14 ). In this study, both genetic lines were nearly completely protected against static laboratory challenge with single infections of IHNV at a dose of 2 x 10 5 pfu/ml for 1 h, confirming the high efficacy of the DNA vaccine used in this study ( Supplementary Figure 3A ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, and Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Disease Susceptibility and Infection Dynamics

et al. 2021

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum are major pathogens of farmed rainbow trout. Improved control strategies are desired but the influence of on-farm environmental factors that lead to disease outbreaks remain poorly understood. Water reuse is an important environmental factor affecting disease. Prior studies have established a replicated outdoor-tank system capable of varying the exposure to reuse water by controlling water flow from commercial trout production raceways. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of constant or pulsed reuse water exposure on survival, pathogen prevalence, and pathogen load. Herein, we compared two commercial lines of rainbow trout, Clear Springs Food (CSF) and Troutex (Tx) that were either vaccinated against IHNV with a DNA vaccine or sham vaccinated. Over a 27-day experimental period in constant reuse water, all fish from both lines and treatments, died while mortality in control fish in spring water was <1%. Water reuse exposure, genetic line, vaccination, and the interaction between genetic line and water exposure affected survival (P<0.05). Compared to all other water sources, fish exposed to constant reuse water had 46- to 710-fold greater risk of death (P<0.0001). Tx fish had a 2.7-fold greater risk of death compared to CSF fish in constant reuse water (P ≤ 0.001), while risk of death did not differ in spring water (P=0.98). Sham-vaccinated fish had 2.1-fold greater risk of death compared to vaccinated fish (P=0.02). Both IHNV prevalence and load were lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish, and unexpectedly, F. psychrophilum load associated with fin/gill tissues from live-sampled fish was lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish. As a result, up to forty-five percent of unvaccinated fish were naturally co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV and the coinfected fish exhibited the highest IHNV loads. Under laboratory challenge conditions, co-infection with F. psychrophilum and IHNV overwhelmed IHNV vaccine-induced protection. In summary, we demonstrate that exposure to reuse water or multi-pathogen challenge can initiate complex disease dynamics that can overwhelm both vaccination and host genetic resistance.

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“…Since the occurrence rate of IHNV infection has increased in the 21st century in Korea, the need for a study focused on the phylogenesis and evolution of Korean isolates is urgent to develop a vaccine that can be used to protect rainbow trout fish in Korea. Currently, the vaccines for the prevention of IHNV are widely studied globally [25]. Therefore, an effective vaccine is also needed for Korean aquaculture, which was one of the aims of our study in investigating the IHNV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea

Jun²,

Giri

et al. 2019

Pathogens

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on those from other countries. Few studies have focused on gene sequence analyses of IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene and almost none have focused on other gene fragments. Therefore, considering the dearth of adequate phylogenetic and genomic studies on Korean IHNV strains because of the lack of data, our study aimed to provide sufficient relevant data by sequencing the complete genome of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was recently isolated from a Korean rainbow trout farm. Moreover, we focused on expanding the perspectives on the phylogenesis of IHNV isolates from Korea and other Asian countries. IHNV was isolated from pooled hematopoietic tissue samples using Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, and phylogenetic analysis and genome study were conducted using complete G, N, and nonvirion (NV) gene sequences. Our main achievements were the development of a phylogenetic analytical method based on the NV gene and complete genome sequence analysis of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was compared with other Asian isolate sequences.

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: advances in diagnosis and vaccine development

Cited by 23 publications

References 113 publications

Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish

Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish

Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, and Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Disease Susceptibility and Infection Dynamics

Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea

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