Infectious Endophthalmitis

Meredith, Travis A.; Ulrich, J. Niklas

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00122-3

Cited by 8 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…epidermidis is consistently pathogenic for humans. Being a prevalent species, that is, colonizing human skin and mucous membranes, it is an increasing aetiology of infections associated with implanted catheters (and the most common cause of postoperative endophthalmitis) [ 75 ]. Staphylococcus aureus is identified by positive reactions to catalase, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease test, and mannitol fermentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pseudomonas are Gram-negative, catalase-positive, nonfastidious organisms (thus having a wide distribution in nature) and are predominantly isolated due to nosocomial, opportunistic infections. They are the most common cause of Gram-negative endophthalmitis (in most cases, P. aeruginosa , but other species have also been isolated) [ 75 ]. Other Gram-negative bacilli found in EE cases are Haemophilus influenzae and Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Staph. epidermidis is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, particularly methicillin (and should be considered resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics), but almost all strains are sensible to vancomycin and rifampin [ 75 ]. Staph.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Review of Case Series Published between 2011 and 2020

Danielescu

Anton

Stanca

et al. 2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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This is a literature review of 31 case series of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) published in the last ten years, identified from a literature search of several databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library). While diabetes mellitus and malignancies remain the most frequently associated medical conditions, intravenous drug use is a significant risk factor (especially in the last years, in studies from Western countries). Ophthalmologic screening is recommended for candidaemia, but not in patients with sepsis of other aetiologies (however, the physician treating patients with sepsis must be well aware of EE). The most frequent Gram-positive microorganisms that cause EE are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus; the most frequent Gram-negative organism is Pseudomonas, and yeasts, probably Candida, usually cause fungal infections. In all-cause EE, prognostic factors of better visual outcomes are initial VA better than counting fingers, performing a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), performing an intravitreal injection within the first 24 hours after clinical diagnosis, and the presence of a focal type of EE. In endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, more than 1/4 of patients have bilateral involvement. Blood samples have a low rate of positivity. Yeasts remain the most prevalent cause. Many authors report using azoles and echinocandins for systemic therapy (and voriconazole for intravitreal injections). Although PPV was performed in small proportions of eyes, the anatomical success rate is quite high. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of EE in Southeast Asia (and probably an emergent etiology in other regions), which is frequently associated with diabetes. There is a robust association with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) (but in up to half of the cases, the diagnosis of EE precedes that of PLA). Blood cultures have a high diagnostic yield, while vitreous samples have a low yield. K. pneumoniae may carry antibiotic resistance. Anatomical and functional success rates are small, but they may be improved with PPV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Review of Case Series Published between 2011 and 2020

Danielescu

Anton

Stanca

et al. 2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Knowledge of the microbiology of the different organisms causing endophthalmitis is central to the successful treatment of the condition 1. Many previous studies from around the world have described series of endophthalmitis cases where the microbiological spectrum of causative organisms has been variable between the different types of endophthalmitis by clinical setting 2 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be characterised as exogenous if caused by surgery, trauma or spread of infection from another ocular/orbital site and endogenous if caused by haematogenous spread of infection to the eye 1. Treatment usually involves aspiration and subsequent culture of ocular fluids, administration of empirical intravitreal antibiotics, followed by more specific antibiotic therapy once microbiological culture and sensitivities are available 1…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%