Infectious Dose of<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>in Outbreak Linked to Ice Cream, United States, 2015

Pouillot, Régis; Klontz, Karl C.; Chen, Yi; Burall, Laurel S.; Macarisin, Dumitru; Doyle, Matthew; Bally, Kären M.; Strain, Errol; Datta, Atin R.; Hammack, Thomas S.; Doren, Jane M. Van

doi:10.3201/eid2212.160165

Cited by 108 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, recent evidence has shown that susceptible individuals can become ill after consuming low levels of the bacteria (Pouillot et al . ) and infection with L. monocytogenes is made more complicated due to the risk of repeated exposure and variation in susceptibility among immunocompromised individuals (Buchanan et al . ).…”

Section: The Risk Posed From Soil Contaminated With L Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These inoculum sizes contrast with the low number of L. monocytogenes cells that survive in soil for extended periods and may suggest that contamination of fresh leafy produce by soil-borne bacteria is not likely to be a high risk to consumers. However, recent evidence has shown that susceptible individuals can become ill after consuming low levels of the bacteria (Pouillot et al 2016) and infection with L. monocytogenes is made more complicated due to the risk of repeated exposure and variation in susceptibility among immunocompromised individuals (Buchanan et al 2017). Therefore, while infection from low levels of soil borne L. monocytogenes on leafy produce may not be high risk to consumers based on the level of bacteria transferred, it is not possible to rule out infection of susceptible individuals from this type of contamination.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of L Monocytogenes Survival In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and survival ofListeria monocytogeneson fresh, leafy produce

Smith

Moorhouse²,

Monaghan

et al. 2018

J Appl Microbiol

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Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular human pathogen which enters the body through contaminated food stuffs and is known to contaminate fresh leafy produce such as spinach, lettuce and rocket. Routinely, fresh leafy produce is grown and processed on a large scale before reaching the consumer through various products such as sandwiches and prepared salads. From farm to fork, the fresh leafy produce supply chain (FLPSC) is complex and contains a diverse range of environments where L. monocytogenes is sporadically detected during routine sampling of produce and processing areas. This review describes sources of the bacteria in the FLPSC and outlines the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind its survival in the different environments associated with growing and processing fresh produce. Finally, current methods of source tracking the bacteria in the context of the food supply chain are discussed with emphasis on how these methods can provide additional, valuable information on the risk that L. monocytogenes isolates pose to the consumer.

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Section: The Risk Posed From Soil Contaminated With L Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of L Monocytogenes Survival In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and survival ofListeria monocytogeneson fresh, leafy produce

Smith

Moorhouse²,

Monaghan

et al. 2018

J Appl Microbiol

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“…In addition, in many microbial risk assessments, the ‘default’ assumption used for dose–response does not account for strain or serotype variability in pathogenicity and virulence, other than perhaps, recognising the existence of avirulent strains (Coleman et al., ). Also, it is known that the dose–response relationship may differ for healthy adults vs those persons being part of a more susceptible population, which is particularly well documented for L. monocytogenes (Goulet et al., ; Pouillot et al., ). For example, in EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) et al.…”

Section: Required Scientific Evidence and Data Relevant For Considerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance on the requirements for the development of microbiological criteria

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority asked the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) to deliver a scientific opinion providing: (i) a review of the approaches used by the BIOHAZ Panel to address requests from risk managers to suggest the establishment of microbiological criteria; (ii) guidance on the required scientific evidence, data and methods/tools necessary for considering the development of microbiological criteria for pathogenic microorganisms and indicator microorganisms; (iii) recommendations on methods/tools to design microbiological criteria and (iv) guidelines for the requirements and tasks of risk assessors, compared to risk managers, in relation to microbiological criteria. This document provides guidance on approaches when: (i) a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is available, (ii) prevalence and concentration data are available, but not a QMRA model, and (iii) neither a QMRA nor prevalence and/or concentration data are available. The role of risk assessors should be focused on assessing the impact of different microbiological criteria on public health and on product compliance. It is the task of the risk managers to: (1) formulate unambiguous questions, preferably in consultation with risk assessors, (2) decide on the establishment of a microbiological criterion, or target in primary production sectors, and to formulate the specific intended purpose for using such criteria, (3) consider the uncertainties in impact assessments on public health and on product compliance and (4) decide the point in the food chain where the microbiological criteria are intended to be applied and decide on the actions which should be taken in case of noncompliance. It is the task of the risk assessors to support risk managers to ensure that questions are formulated in a way that a precise answer can be given, if sufficient information is available, and to ensure clear and unambiguous answers, including the assessment of uncertainties, based on available scientific evidence.

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“…Outbreaks of listeriosis were reported from the United States as a result of the consumption of ice cream in March 2015. All of the patients were hospitalized, and there were two deaths (Pouillot et al, 2016). In 2011 PulseNet reported a multistate (28 states) listeriosis outbreak in the United States infecting 147 people, with 33 deaths and one miscarriage.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%