Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures

Kouadio, Isidore Koffi; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Kamigaki, Taro; Hammad, Karen; Oshitani, Hitoshi

doi:10.1586/eri.11.155

Cited by 396 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The clinical phases of natural disasters can be classified as follows (Aghababian & Teuscher, 1992;Kouadio et al, 2012): phase 1 (impact phase, 0-4 days), initial treatment of disaster-related injuries is provided; phase 2 (post-impact phase, 4 days to 4 weeks), the first waves of air-, food-, and/or water-borne infectious diseases emerge as a substantial portion of the population is displaced into unplanned and overcrowded shelters; and phase 3 (recovery phase, after 4 weeks), infections with long incubation periods or latent types can become clinically apparent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor environmental hygiene can be a source of infectious and non-infectious diseases not only for evacuees in shelters, but also for those who return to damaged homes or move into rented rooms or temporary housing complexes (Picture 2). The most frequently reported infectious diseases associated with a tsunami and floods in the world are diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, acute respiratory infections (ARIs), measles, meningitis, tetanus, cholera, and leptospirosis (Kouadio et al, 2012). Although international data are scarce, levels of heavy metals were increased by the tsunamis in 2011 in Japan (Baba & Sera, 2012) and in 2004 in India (Ranjan, Ramanathan, Singh, & Chidambaram, 2008) and such contaminants in soil might pose public health risks unless long-term exposure and internal accumulation are prevented.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Temporal Changes in Environmental Health Risks and Socio-Psychological Status in Areas Affected by the 2011 Tsunami in Ishinomaki, Japan

Makita¹,

INOSHITA²,

Kayano³

et al. 2013

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Temporal Changes in Environmental Health Risks and Socio-Psychological Status in Areas Affected by the 2011 Tsunami in Ishinomaki, Japan

Makita¹,

INOSHITA²,

Kayano³

et al. 2013

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“…Respiratory-related, as well as water, food, vector-, and airborne diseases are likely to spread amidst crowding, poor hygiene, lack of access to clean water, and lack of disease prevention measures in these centers (Kouadio et al 2012;Maryam et al 2012;Matthew et al 2016;Watson et al 2007a, b). Stress and fatigue from flood exposure and the difficult circumstances that the affected households may experience in the aftermath can also lead to psychological distress and morbidity (Carroll et al 2010;Lamond et al 2015).…”

Section: Flood Characteristics and Flood Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Floods and Pestilence: Diseases in Philippine Urban Areas

Yonson

2018

EconDisCliCha

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Do floods affect the probability for urban households to suffer from diseases? We study Cagayan de Oro, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines that exhibits many of the common characteristics of urban areas in middle-income countries. We find that bronchitis, respiratory tract infection, influenza, chicken pox, measles, typhoid fever, diarrhea, leptospirosis, dengue, hypertension, and heart diseases are each associated with either one or a combination of the flood variables: exposure, height, or duration. We quantify their incremental incidence due to flood exposure, and provide indicative estimates on their cost implications both to the government and to the disease-affected households. In general, results reveal that flood-induced diseases cause large cost to the government as well as heavy financial burden on affected families, particularly among the economically disadvantaged. Cost estimation is undertaken for the floodplains of Cagayan de Oro City, and expanded to all urban areas in the Philippines to serve as inputs for discussions on the expansion or redesign of policies aimed at ensuring people's safety from disasters, diseases, and impoverishment within a typical urban setting.

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“…Therefore, other factors play important roles in preventing tetanus outbreaks, including health education and disaster management following the national guidelines (Kouadio et al 2012). To prevent tetanus outbreaks following a disaster, external support is necessary for an immediate response including aid and supplies and also post-disaster surveillance system.…”

Section: Education Support and Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following such natural disasters, aside from direct losses and victims, threats from infectious diseases outbreaks arise. Tetanus has been a serious major public health problem as survivors develop the disease after experiencing puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries (Kouadio et al 2012). Although results suggest that the main cause of outbreak is a lower coverage of tetanus vaccine in Indonesia (Bastian 2005), that cause has not been investigated further.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Tetanus Outbreak Following Natural Disaster in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from Previous Disasters

Pascapurnama

Murakami

Chagan-Yasutan

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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In Indonesia, the Aceh earthquake and tsunami in 2004 killed 127,000 people and caused half a million injuries, while the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006 caused 5,700 deaths and 37,000 injuries. Because disaster-affected areas are vulnerable to epidemic-prone diseases and tetanus is one such disease that is preventable, we systematically reviewed the literature related to tetanus outbreaks following previous two natural disasters in Indonesia. Based on our findings, recommendations for proper vaccination and education can be made for future countermeasures. Using specified keywords related to tetanus and disasters, relevant documents were screened from PubMed, the WHO website, and books. Reports offering limited data and those released before 2004 were excluded. In all, 16 publications were reviewed systematically. Results show that 106 cases of tetanus occurred in Aceh, with a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 18.9%; 71 cases occurred in Yogyakarta, with CFR of 36.6%. For both outbreaks, most patients had been wounded during scavenging or evacuation after the disaster occurred. Poor access to health care because of limited transportation or hospital facilities, and low vaccination coverage and lack of awareness of tetanus risk contributed to delayed treatment and case severity. Tetanus outbreaks after disasters are preventable by increasing vaccination coverage, improving wound care treatment, and establishing a regular surveillance system, in addition to good practices of disaster management and supportive care following national guidelines. Furthermore, health education for communities should be provided to raise awareness of tetanus risk reduction.

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Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures

Cited by 396 publications

References 23 publications

Temporal Changes in Environmental Health Risks and Socio-Psychological Status in Areas Affected by the 2011 Tsunami in Ishinomaki, Japan

Temporal Changes in Environmental Health Risks and Socio-Psychological Status in Areas Affected by the 2011 Tsunami in Ishinomaki, Japan

Floods and Pestilence: Diseases in Philippine Urban Areas

Prevention of Tetanus Outbreak Following Natural Disaster in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from Previous Disasters

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