Infectious disease outbreaks among forcibly displaced persons: an analysis of ProMED reports 1996–2016

Abstract

Background: The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimates the number of forcibly displaced people increased from 22.7 million people in 1996 to 67.7 million people in 2016. Human mobility is associated with the introduction of infectious disease pathogens. The aim of this study was to describe the range of pathogens in forcibly displaced populations over time using an informal event monitoring system. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of ProMED, a digital disease monitoring system, to identify reports of outbreak events involving forcibly displaced populations between 1996 and 2016. Number of outbreak events per year was tabulated. Each record was assessed to determine outbreak location, pathogen, origin of persons implicated in the outbreak, and suspected versus confirmed case counts. Results: One hundred twenty-eight independent outbreak events involving forcibly displaced populations were identified. Over 840,000 confirmed or suspected cases of infectious diseases such as measles, cholera, cutaneous leishmaniasis, dengue, and others were reported in 48 destination countries/territories. The average rate of outbreak events concerning forcibly displaced persons per total number of reports published on ProMED per year increased over time. The majority of outbreak events (63%) were due to acquisition of disease in the destination country. Conclusion: This study found that reports of outbreak events involving forcibly displaced populations have increased in ProMED. The events and outbreaks detected in this retrospective review underscore the importance of capturing displaced populations in surveillance systems for rapid detection and response.

Increase in vector-borne disease reporting affecting humans and animals in Syria and neighboring countries after the onset of conflict: A ProMED analysis 2003–2018

“…Since the beginning of the conflict, half of the 22 million pre-war population has been forcibly displaced (UNCHR, 2020), and communicable disease control in the region has been further compromised due to the strain on medical infrastructure in neighboring countries by those seeking refuge (Fouad et al, 2017;Sparrow et al, 2016). While prior studies have explored the impact of the conflict on individual vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as leishmaniasis, none to our knowledge have examined trends in all reported VBDs over time as they relate to the Syrian or other conflicts (Al-Salem et al, 2016;Desai et al, 2020;Du et al, 2016;Friedrich, 2016;Mockenhaupt et al, 2016).…”

Conflict driven displacement and child health: Evidence based on mother’s nationality from Jordan Population and Family Health Survey

“…People coming through displacement mainly have no or low access to healthcare and lack basic health care facilities. Apart from that, they are at greater risk of contracting the disease outbreaks due to poor amenities and living arrangements as found in previous literature [ 52 , 53 ]. Another possible reason for the lack of access to healthcare services is being not registered with the local health care system to receive benefits.…”

Conflict driven displacement and child health: Evidence from Jordan

“…People coming through displacement mainly have no or low access to healthcare and lack basic health care facilities. Apart from that, they are at greater risk of catching the disease outbreaks due to poor amenities and living arrangements as found by earlier studies [44,45]. Another possible reason for the lack of access to healthcare services is being not registered with the local health care system to receive benefits.…”