Infectious Disease in Sports

Abstract

Infectious disease causes up to 50% of visits in high school and college training rooms. Viruses are the leading causes of infectious disease (1). Chlamydia and gonorrhea are some of the most commonly sexually transmitted diseases. It is important to consider these in the sexually active athlete.Athletic activities often involve close contact and group settings, which can increase the likelihood of spreading infectious disease to others. Evidence has shown a j-curve relationship between exercise and immune function. Individuals who engage in moderate exercise report enhanced immune function but individuals who perform strenuous exercise have a similar risk to infection as sedentary individuals (2). Despite this, the positive effects of regular exercise on long-term health and longevity are thought to outweigh perceived temporary immune dysfunction associated with strenuous exercise (2,3).The most common infectious diseases are upper respiratory infections (URI). Common symptoms of fever and fatigue can impair exercise, weaken muscles, and predispose to other injuries. Fever has been known to impair coordination, strength, power, and concentration (1-3). Decision on return to play should be made on a case-by-case basis taking into account symptomatology and effect on performance (1). A "neck check" may be performed to guide return to play decisions. If symptoms are limited to above the neck (i.e., nasal congestion or sore throat) then a 10-min test period of jogging can be performed. If symptoms worsen, then the athlete should not continue physical activity. If symptoms are below the neck or systemic, then consider discontinuing physical activity until symptoms resolve (1-3).Gastroenteritis is the second most common infection in adolescent and young adult athletes (2). Patients may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Return to play focuses on symptoms and hydration status.Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which is a member of the herpes virus family and a common