Infectious Demyelinating Diseases

Johnson, Richard T.; Major, Eugene O.

doi:10.1016/b978-012439510-7/50093-0

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 149 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is now estimated that less than 10% of cases of encephalitis represent acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. This exhibits a remarkable success in disease control by both introducing and eliminating immunizations (Johnson, 1994;Johnson and Major, 2004). The pathologic appearance is remarkably similar to that in the neuroparalytic complication in postexposure rabies vaccination and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis .…”

Section: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitismentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The cause is a human papovavirus, JC virus (Padgett et al, 1976), a common human agent that produces widespread subclinical human infection. Most people develop antibodies before adolescence, and the virus remains latent in kidney, bone marrow, and B cells (Johnson and Major, 2004). With activations in the immunodeficient it is thought the B cells transport JC virus to the brain (Tornatore et al, 1992).…”

Section: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, rather than seeking a novel agent, epidemiologic, virologic, and immunocytochemical studies have focused on the timing and prevalence of acquisition and on the quantitation and cellular localization of these infections. In each case the difficult question is whether changes are related to causation or are secondary to immunologic changes inherent in multiple sclerosis (Johnson and Major, 2004).…”

Section: Agents Of Recent Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Infections and multiple sclerosis

Venkatesan

Johnson

2014

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of unknown cause. Increasing evidence suggests that the disease develops as a result of interactions between the environment and the immune system in genetically susceptible individuals. It has long been recognized that infections may serve as environmental triggers for the disease, and a large number of pathogens have been proposed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. Here, we detail the historical basis linking infections to multiple sclerosis and review the epidemiology of the disease, which suggests a possible relationship with infectious agents. We also describe pathophysiologic studies in animals and other human demyelinating diseases that have demonstrated a variety of mechanisms by which infectious agents may induce chronic, relapsing central nervous system disease with myelin damage and relative preservation of axons, similar to multiple sclerosis. In addition, we discuss recent studies in individuals with multiple sclerosis indicating enhanced immune responses to infectious antigens, though not consistently demonstrating evidence for ongoing infection. Taken together, these studies suggest a role for infectious agents in the development of multiple sclerosis. Conclusive evidence, however, remains lacking.

show abstract

Section: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitismentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Agents Of Recent Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Infections and multiple sclerosis

Venkatesan

Johnson

2014

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Perivascular hemorrhages can be observed. In ANHLE the lesions are often necrotic with axons destruction (Figure 2), but demyelinated areas with axons sparing are present too 17 .…”

Section: Computed Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Inflammatory Diseases

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acute post-infectious immune disorders include Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and its variants such as Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (AHEM), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (ANHLE) of Weston Hurst, multiphasic and recurrent ADEM. Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of Childhood (ANE or ANEC) represents a dramatic event, consequent to viral infections, especially Influenza-A, and is now considered different from ADEM. ADEM and variants are classically described as uniphasic syndrome occurring in association with an immunization or vaccination (postvaccine encephalomyelitis) or systemic viral infection (parainfectious encephalomyelitis). However, multiphasic forms are not rare. Pathologically, there is perivascular inflammation, edema, and demyelination within the CNS. Clinical features are focal or multifocal neurologic disorder following exposure to virus or receipt of vaccine. The onset of the CNS disorder is usually rapid and include encephalopathy ranging from lethargy to coma, seizures, and focal and multifocal signs reflecting cerebral and spinal cord involvement. The mortality rate is estimated at 10 to 30 percent, with complete recovery rates of 50 percent cited. Poor prognosis is correlated with severity and abruptness of onset of the clinical syndrome. Multifocal CNS lesions are generally evident on MRI that can be similar from those observed in MS.

show abstract

“…In addition, the MS literature is replete with the isolation of viruses from the brains of patients with MS including measles, coronavirus, retroviruses, HTLV-1, HHV-6, and scrapie agent. Current focus on infectious agents includes EBV, HHV-6, endogenous retroviruses such as HERV-W, and Chlamydia pneumoniae [Johnson and Major, 2003].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review

Waldman

O’Connor

Tennekoon

2006

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is increasingly recognized as a disease that affects children. Similar to adult-onset MS, children present with visual and sensory complaints, as well as weakness, spasticity, and ataxia. A lumbar puncture can be helpful in diagnosing MS when CSF immunoglobulins and oligoclonal bands are present. White matter demyelinating lesions on MRI are required for the diagnosis; however, children typically have fewer lesions than adults. Many criteria have been proposed to diagnose MS that have been applied to children, mostly above 10 years of age. The recent revisions to the McDonald criteria allow for earlier diagnosis, such as after a clinically isolated event. However, children are more likely than adults to have monosymptomatic illnesses. None of the approved disease-modifying therapies used in adult-onset MS have been approved for pediatrics; however, a few studies have verified their safety and tolerability in children. Although children and adults with MS have similar neurological symptoms, laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid) data, and neuroimaging findings, the clinical course, pathogenesis, and treatment of childhood onset MS require further investigation.

show abstract

Infectious Demyelinating Diseases

Cited by 8 publications

References 149 publications

Infections and multiple sclerosis

Infections and multiple sclerosis

Pediatric Inflammatory Diseases

Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About