Infectious Bronchitis Virus Surveillance in Ontario Commercial Layer Flocks

Stachowiak, Beata; Key, Douglas W.; Hunton, Peter; Gillingham, S.; Nagy, Éva

doi:10.1093/japr/14.1.141

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Literature that describe pathogenicity using Canadian IBV isolates are scarce [8] Although this study evaluated the pathogenicity of 5 IBV isolates originated in Ontario poultry flocks, IBV shedding, tissue distribution and macrophage response have not been studied. Molecular characterization of IBV strains circulating in Canada has been done previously and it appears that there is a difference in distribution of IBV genotypes according to the geographic area within Canada [33,37,50,51]. In Western Canada, mostly Mass and Conn IBV genotypes are common and in Eastern Canada, in addition to Mass and Conn genotypes nepharopathogenic strains, 4/91, CA1737 and DMV genotypes are common among poultry flocks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks

et al. 2018

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BackgroundInfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in chickens. There are numerous serotypes and variants, which do not confer cross protection resulting in failure of currently used IBV vaccines. Although variant IBV isolates with major genetic differences have been subjected to comparative studies, it is unknown whether minor genetic differences in IBV variants within a serotype are different in terms of pathogenesis and eliciting host responses. Two Massachusetts (Mass) variant IBV isolates recovered from commercial layer flocks in the Western Canadian provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK) were compared genetically and evaluated for their pathogenicity, tissue distribution and ability to recruit and replicate in macrophages.ResultsAlthough whole genome sequencing of these two Mass IBV isolates showed low similarity with the M41 vaccinal strain, they had an identical nucleotide sequence at open reading frames (ORFs) 3a, 3b, envelop (E), matrix (M), 5a and 5b. The rest of the ORFs of these 2 IBV isolates showed 99.9% nucleotide similarity. However, upon experimental infection, we found that the IBV isolate originating from AB was different to the one that originated in SK due to higher tracheal lesion scores and lower lung viral replication and lower genome loads in cecal tonsils. Nevertheless, both IBV isolates elicited host responses characterized by significant macrophage recruitment to the respiratory tract and there was evidence that both IBV isolates replicated within tracheal and lung macrophages.ConclusionsOverall, this study shows that Mass variant IBV isolates, although possessing minor genetic variations, can lead to significant differences in pathogenicity in young chickens. Further studies are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these two Mass variant IBV isolates in laying hens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1720-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide array of IBV variants are affecting commercial broiler, layer and breeder flocks in Canada [33,37,50,51]. For example, Mass type IBV variants are impacting the commercial egg production in Western Canada [50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks

et al. 2018

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“…Mortality rates recorded after challenge with TN20/00 variant are summarized in (Table 3). Conversely, the mortality and the severity of the lesions were influenced not only by the challenge strain, but also by the age of the chicken and the route of vaccination [15,17,[29][30][31][32]. The mortality in the vaccinated-challenged groups occurred between 7 and 10 d postchallenge, and no significant difference was revealed.…”

Section: Experimental Studymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The TN20/00 variant was identified as a nephropathogenic IBV, not related to the Massachusetts serotype and showing higher pathogenicity [10]. In general, vaccination fails and incidence of IB outbreaks are highly associated to the vaccination process of each country, independent of the virus strain [15]. In a sero-surveillance survey in vaccinated flocks, low levels of antibodies were found, indicating vaccination failures; 45 to 69% of the flocks showed positive levels of antibodies and only 5 to 15% of these were protected [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of protection conferred by a vaccination program based on the H120 and CR88 commercial vaccines against a field variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus

Bourogâa

Larbi

Miled

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Poultry Research

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publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEMCoronaviruses infect a wide range of animals and cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological diseases of varying severity [1]. They cause severe diseases in livestock animals and thereby lead to high economic losses [2]. Based on genotypic and serological character-ization, coronaviruses are divided into 4 distinct groups. Their tendency for recombination and high mutation rates may allow their adaptation to new hosts and ecological niches [3][4][5][6]. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the coronavirus of chickens, is one of the foremost causes of economic losses for the poultry industry, affecting the performance of meat and egg-laying birds, SUMMARY Due to serotype variations among different avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated inTunisia since 2000, protection of chicks, especially broiler flocks, with Mass H120 vaccine often fails. Therefore, association of CR88 (793B type) with H120 vaccines was used for better response. Challenge experiments were then conducted to evaluate tracheal and renal crossprotection in chickens immunized via nasal and eye drops. Conferred protection was measured by clinical signs and macroscopic lesions observed, based on scores attributed according to their severities. The results showed a low protection conferred by H120 alone, as vaccination did not reduce tracheal and kidney lesions (70% scored as 3) after TN20/00 virus challenge, which also led to 10% mortality. Conversely, the challenge results indicated that the combination of the 2 strains (H120/CR88) allow high protection. Based on the results of the challenge experiments, a vaccination protocol coupling CR88 to H120 was applied for industrial broiler flocks. Clinical observations and serological results confirmed that association of heterologous serotypes (H120 and CR88 vaccines) increased the levels of protection against infectious bronchitis viruses compared with the H120 vaccine given alone.

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“…Therefore, sequencing of the S1 gene is the foremost technique that is used to differentiate IBV strains into various genotypes [ 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. IBV strains circulating in Canada were characterized [ 21 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] through the analysis of a 505-nucleotide fragment of the S1 gene obtained during IBV infection outbreaks in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. The characterized IBV isolates of these Canadian provinces belonged to nine genotypes [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate

Amarasinghe

Popowich

Senapathi

et al. 2018

Viruses

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A disease with a sudden drop in egg production and shell-less eggs called, shell-less egg syndrome (SES) has been observed in Western Canada egg layer flocks since 2010. The etiology of this disease is not known. We hypothesize that SES is caused by an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain since it is known that IBV replicates in the shell gland causing various eggshell abnormalities. In this study, we screened egg layer flocks, in the provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK), with and without a history of SES for the presence of IBV infection. During 2015–2016, a total of 27 egg layer flocks were screened in AB (n = 7) and SK (n = 20). Eighty-one percent of the screened flocks (n = 22) were positive for IBV infection. Thirty of these isolates were successfully characterized using molecular tools targeting the most variable spike (S) 1 gene. IBV isolates from this study clustered into three genotypes based on partial S1 gene variability. The majority of the IBV isolates (70%) were Massachusetts (Mass) type, and the rest were either Connecticut (Conn) type or an uncharacterized genotype with genetic characteristics of Mass and Conn types. Since the majority of the IBV isolates included within the Mass type, we used a Mass type IBV isolate to reproduce SES in specific pathogen free (SPF) white leghorn chickens in lay. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether other IBV isolates can cause SES, to clarify the pathogenesis of SES and to develop a vaccine in order to prevent SES as observed in Western Canadian layer flocks.

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Surveillance in Ontario Commercial Layer Flocks

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks

Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks

Evaluation of protection conferred by a vaccination program based on the H120 and CR88 commercial vaccines against a field variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus

Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate

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