“…Infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV ) belongs to the family Coronaviridae , the genus Gammacoronavirus , and has been classified into a number of different serotypes that cause acute and highly contagious disease in chickens, causing huge losses to the poultry industry ( Kong et al., 2021 ; Zamzam et al., 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ). Studies have shown that the main clinical signs of infectious bronchitis ( IB ) include coughing, sneezing, breathlessness, open-mouth breathing, rales, and depression, and that IBV can affect the respiratory tract, kidneys, oviducts, ovaries, heart, liver, and bursa of chickens ( Ganapathy, 2021 ; Al-Rasheed et al., 2022 ; Gallardo et al., 2022 ). Due to incomplete proofreading mechanism of the coronavirus’ RNA polymerase and gene recombination during genome replication, new variants or recombinant IBV strains are constantly emerging, complicating the development of appropriate control programs.…”