Infectious bronchitis virus infection in chicken: viral load and immune responses in Harderian gland, choanal cleft and turbinate tissues compared to trachea

Al-Rasheed, Mohammed; Ball, Christopher; Manswr, Basim; Leeming, Gail; Ganapathy, Kannan

doi:10.1080/00071668.2022.2035675

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10. 54203/scil.2023.wvj1 results demonstrate innate, cellular, and mucosal immune responses at 1-3 days after M41 challenge in the HALT and respiratory tissues (Al-Rasheed et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Such effects were dependent on the tissue type, with significant changes in TLR3, MDA5, IFN-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression in the turbinate and trachea being most notable. Meaningfully, the data highlighted the significant presence of both IgA and IgY in lachrymal fluid following the IBV M41 challenge, suggesting that early detection of both IBV-specific IgA and IgY in lachrymal fluid can be used as important indicators of mucosal immune responses of IBV M41 infection in commercial broiler chickens (Al-Rasheed, 2020;Al-Rasheed et al, 2022).…”

Section: Choanal Cleftmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The early innate, cellular, mucosal and humoral immune responses were also tested on a daily basis in M41-challenged chicks. Gene transcription showed a significant up-regulation of TLR3, MDA5, IL-6, IFN-α and IFN-β, where patterns and magnitude fold-change of mRNA transcription were dependent on the gene and tissue type (Al-Rasheed et al, 2022). Viral load and immune responses in the HG, turbinate and choanal cleft showed that tissues other than the trachea should be considered in IBV immunopathogenesis studies.…”

Section: Turbinatementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The IBV-specific IgA antibodies have been found in the lamina propria, tracheal washes, and epithelial cells of IBV-infected chickens' trachea (Joiner et al, 2007). IgA and IgY antibodies specific to IBV have also been found in lachrymal fluid (Al-Rasheed et al, 2021;Al-Rasheed et al, 2022). It has also been reported that IBVspecific IgA in tears correlates with resistance to IBV reinfection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Role of Head Associated Lymphoid Tissues in Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Al-Rasheed¹,

Shawky²

2023

WVJ

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) replicates primarily in the epithelial tissues of the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea. However, little is known about IBV replication and immune responses in relation to head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT), such as the Harderian gland (HG) and choanal cleft, as well as respiratory (turbinate) tissues. Furthermore, few studies have looked into the role of the HG, choanal cleft, pharyngeal tissues, and turbinate in innate, cellular, and mucosal immune responses of commercial broiler chickens and laying hens infected with IBV, compared to the studies about the effects on the trachea. This review article overviewed the role of avian HALT, conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), concerning the anatomical, physiological, and immune responses to infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. The HG, choanal cleft, and turbinate in innate, mucosal, and cellular immune responses play a significant role in avian protection through virulent or attenuated vaccines of IBVs. The IBV viruses could not reach the trachea in chickens vaccinated with IBV vaccine due to the inhibition of viruses by HALT and respiratory tissues by innate, mucosal, and cellular immunity. It can be concluded that other than the trachea, the HALT and respiratory tissues play an important role in the infectivity and immune induction against IBVs due to their proximity to the upper air passages. Keywords: Avian immunity, Chicken, Harderian gland, Infectious bronchitis, Turbinate

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Choanal Cleftmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Turbinatementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Role of Head Associated Lymphoid Tissues in Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Al-Rasheed¹,

Shawky²

2023

WVJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV ) belongs to the family Coronaviridae , the genus Gammacoronavirus , and has been classified into a number of different serotypes that cause acute and highly contagious disease in chickens, causing huge losses to the poultry industry ( Kong et al., 2021 ; Zamzam et al., 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ). Studies have shown that the main clinical signs of infectious bronchitis ( IB ) include coughing, sneezing, breathlessness, open-mouth breathing, rales, and depression, and that IBV can affect the respiratory tract, kidneys, oviducts, ovaries, heart, liver, and bursa of chickens ( Ganapathy, 2021 ; Al-Rasheed et al., 2022 ; Gallardo et al., 2022 ). Due to incomplete proofreading mechanism of the coronavirus’ RNA polymerase and gene recombination during genome replication, new variants or recombinant IBV strains are constantly emerging, complicating the development of appropriate control programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%