Infectious bronchitis virus gel vaccination: evaluation of Mass-like (B-48) and 793/B-like (1/96) vaccine kinetics after combined administration at 1 day of age

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. A live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control IBV infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (IB) variants and failure of vaccination. However, similar clinical signs were shown in different respiratory diseases that are essential to improving the diagnostic assay to detect IBV infections. Various risk factors involved in the failure of IB vaccination, such as various routes of application of vaccination, the interval between vaccinations, and challenge with various possible immunosuppression of birds are reviewed. The review article also highlights and updates factors affecting the diagnosis of IBV disease in the poultry industry with differential diagnosis to find the nature of infections compared with non-IBV diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the common reasons for failed IBV vaccinations with preventive action, and proper diagnostic facilities for identifying the infective stage, leading to earlier control and reduced economic losses from IBV disease.

Section: Gel Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor Influences for Diagnosis and Vaccination of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Chickens

Bhuiyan

Amin

Bakar

et al. 2021

“…Alternatively, an accessory evaluation of vaccine kinetics [ 68 ] and coverage [ 124 , 125 ] can be carried out by molecular assays (i.e., qRT-PCR), which quantify the vaccine titres replicating in the bird respiratory tract along the productive cycle. Because of the common persistence of the vaccines and the expected competition between vaccine and field strains for cellular receptors [ 68 , 82 ], the vaccine yield could be considered as a proxy of vaccination quality and protection, in addition to classical immunity assessment.…”

Section: Relevant Factors For Ibv Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it is still used, mainly for booster administration of less attenuated vaccines in the field [ 83 ]. Gel vaccination, initially studied for coccidiosis [ 132 , 133 ], has also been applied to IBV providing a chemically stable environment, without altering the vaccine kinetics [ 124 , 134 ]. A possible beneficial impact of gel vaccination on the chick body temperature with respect to the spray technique has also been hypothesized, although consistent experimental confirmation is still lacking.…”

Section: Relevant Factors For Ibv Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control

Legnardi

Tucciarone

Franzo

et al. 2020

Self Cite

RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.

“…In the poultry sector, they have been used for a long time to supply live coccidiosis vaccines [ 22 ] and more recently probiotics and prebiotics [ 23 ]. Some studies have reported that IBV vaccination by gel allows for a proper immunization in experimental conditions [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Compared to spray vaccination, it may also have the additional advantage of a lesser impact on chicks’ body temperature [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have reported that IBV vaccination by gel allows for a proper immunization in experimental conditions [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Compared to spray vaccination, it may also have the additional advantage of a lesser impact on chicks’ body temperature [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Bronchitis Hatchery Vaccination: Comparison between Traditional Spray Administration and a Newly Developed Gel Delivery System in Field Conditions

Legnardi

Baranyay

Simon

et al. 2021

Self Cite

The control of infectious bronchitis (IB) is essential in intensive broiler production and is pursued through strict biosecurity and mass vaccination. Despite effective and routinely adopted, hatchery spray vaccination has been hypothesized to affect chicks’ body temperature and wellbeing. Recently, gel administration has been proposed as an alternative and proved feasible in experimental settings. In this study, IBV spray and gel vaccination methods were compared in field conditions. One hundred birds from the same hatch were enrolled in the study and vaccinated, half by spray and half by gel, with 793B and Mass vaccines. After vaccination, rectal temperature was measured and vaccine intake assessed. The two groups were housed for 35 days in separate pens and swabs and blood samples were collected at multiple time points for genotype-specific molecular analyses and serology, respectively. The temperature was significantly lower in spray-vaccinated chicks 10 min and an hour after administration. A similar trend in 793B titres was observed in both groups, while the Mass vaccine was detected later but persisted longer in gel-vaccinated chicks. No differences were observed in mean antibody titres. Compared to spray, gel administration appears equally effective and less impactful on body temperature, thus supporting its application for IBV vaccination.