Infections with Various Types of Organisms Stimulate Transcription from a Short Promoter Fragment of the Potato<i>gst1</i>Gene

Strittmatter, Günter; Gheysen, Godelieve; Gianinazzi‐Pearson, Vivienne; Hahn, Karoline; Niebel, Andréas; Rohde, Wolfgang; Tacke, Eckhard

doi:10.1094/mpmi-9-0068

Cited by 70 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Hansen et al (1996) found that the wound-inducible wunl pro-, moter directed expression of P-glucuronidase (GUS) that was rapidly and transiently induced by cyst nematodes in potato but only produced a modest and much slower induction after -' root-knot nematode infection. A similar pattern of expression was seen with the gstl gene promoter in potato (Strittmatter et al, 1996). The tomato gene hmg2, which encodes an HMG-COA reductase that is induced by other pathogens, is upregulated after root-knot nematode infection (Cramer et al, 1993).…”

Section: Molecularresponsesofthehostmentioning

confidence: 75%

Nematode Pathogenesis and Resistance in Plants

Williamson¹,

Hussey²

1996

The Plant Cell

103

123

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Section: Molecularresponsesofthehostmentioning

confidence: 75%

Nematode Pathogenesis and Resistance in Plants

Williamson¹,

Hussey²

1996

The Plant Cell

103

123

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“…Similar very localized and transient activation has been observed for a gene encoding the prpl-1 protein glutathione-S-transferase (GST), a detoxifying enzyme (Hahn & Strittmatter, 1994) in potato roots. In plants transformed with a /?-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fusion to a GST promoter, colonization of roots by G. mosseae (isolate BEG 12) was seen to stimulate gene activation only in cells containing arbuscules (Strittmatter et al, 1996).…”

Section: Pathogenesis-related Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and molecular defence‐related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

et al. 1996

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SUMMARYArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which date from the Devonian era, must have dealt ver\' earlj' on with problems of plant defence, a tactic which has enabled them to colonize roots of most extant plant taxa. Conversely, plants forming arbuscular mycorrhiza must exert some sort of control over the fungi during symbiotic interactions since mycelial proliferation within roots is confined to the cortical parenchyma tissue. Plants possess a panoply of defence mechanisms which are triggered by microbial attack. Here we review present-day knowledge of defencerelated root responses to colonization by AM fungi, and assess their possible implications in the symbiosis. Weak, transient, unco-ordinated or extremely localized activation of inducible defence responses occurs during compatible interactions in AM which differs from that in plant-pathogen interactions. When symbiosis-related plant genes are mutated, typical defence responses are associated with resulting root resistance to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi whilst, contrastingly, plants constitutively expressing defence genes are unaffected in their symbiotic capacities. The mechanisms by which plants can modulate defence responses during symbiotic interactions and the \vay in which AM fungi might contend with these are discussed.

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“…Myc-l pea mutants challenged with AM fungi deposit abnormally thick cell wall appositions in epidermal and hypodermal cells. These structures contain wall-reinforcing and defense-related molecules, such as phenolics, callose, and PR-1 protein (Gollotte et al, 1993(Gollotte et al, , 1995aGollotte, 1994;Gianinazzi-Pearson et al, 1996b), and are reminiscent of the cell wall appositions induced at sites of resistance to pathogen attack (Heath, 1980;Benhamou et al, 1989;TahiriAlaoui et al, 1993a;Collingeet al, 1994). It has been postulated that PR-related gene expression in epidermal tissues may contribute to defense in roots (Mylona et al, 1994), but whether resistance to AM fungi in Myc-l mutants is reinforced by activation of other inducible plant defense processes has yet to be investigated.…”

Section: Lsolation and Characterization Of Mycorrhiza-defective Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As previously mentioned, PR-1 protein is detected only in the symbiotic interface between the PAM and the fungal wall (Gianinazzi-Pearson et al, 1992). Transcripts of PAL, CHS, p-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and PR-1 protein accumulate discretely in arbuscule-containing cells (Harrison and Dixon, 1994;Lambais and Mehdy, 1995;Blee and Anderson, 1996;Gianinazzi-Pearson et al, 1996b), and expression of the gstl gene encoding glutathione-S-transferase (as detected by a gst7 promoter-GUS fusion) is restricted to colonized cortical cells in AM transgenic potato roots (Strittmatter et al, 1996). This spatial pattern of defense gene expression is very different from that reported in plant-pathogen interactions, in which PR proteins accumulate throughout fungal-infected root tissues (Benhamou et al, 1989(Benhamou et al, ,1990TahiriAlaoui et al, 1993b), and defense gene expression is activated in cells other than those containing the pathogen (Schmelzer et al, 1989;Strittmatter et al, 1996).…”

Section: Pr Proteins Involved In the Defense Response Of Plants In-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Cell Responses to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Getting to the Roots of the Symbiosis

Gianinazzi‐Pearson¹

1996

The Plant Cell

130

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INTRODUCTIONSince their colonization of terrestrial ecosystems, plants have developed numerous strategies to cope with the diverse biotic and abiotic challenges that are a consequence of their sedentary life cycle. One of the most successful strategies is the ability of root systems to establish mutualistic and reciprocally beneficial symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. Mycorrhizas, the intricate associations roots form with specific fungal groups, are by far the most frequent of these and represent the underground absorbing organs of most plants in nature (Gianinazzi-Pearson, 1984). Through their function in the efficient exploitation of soil mineral resources and their bioprotective role against a number of common soilborne pathogens, mycorrhizas are instrumental in the survival and fitness of many plant taxa in diverse ecosystems, including many crop species (reviewed in Allen, 1991; Bethlenfalvay and Linderman, 1992).Severa1 kinds of mycorrhizal associations can be distinguished according to their morphology and the plant and fungal taxa concerned. They fall almost exclusively into two broad groups: (1) the ectomycorrhizas of woody Angiosperms and Gymnosperms, in which Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, or Zygomycetes develop intercellular hyphae from a mycelial sheath covering the surface of short lateral roots; and (2) the endomycorrhizas, characterized by intraradical mycelium growth and intracellular fungal proliferation, which are formed by Basidiomycetes in the Orchidaceae (orchidoid mycorrhiza), Ascomycetes in the Ericales (ericoid mycorrhiza), and Zygomycetes in most other terrestrial plant taxa (arbuscular mycorrhiza; reviewed in Harley and Smith, 1983).Plant compatibility with mycorrhizal fungi is a generalized and ancient phenomenon. Species in >80% of extant plant families are capable of establishing arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), and fossil evidence suggests that symbioses of this kind existed >400 million years ago in the tissues of the first land plants (Pirozynski and Dalpé, 1989;Remy et al., 1994). As such, the ability of plants to form AM must be under the control of mechanisms that have been conserved in new plant taxa as they appeared during evolution. This compatibility also implies that selective recognition processes in plants discriminate between beneficial and harmful microorganisms and that the essential genetic determinants for AM establishment are common to an extensive part of the plant kingdom.In contrast to their extremely wide host range and despite their ancient origins, only six genera of fungi belonging to the order Glomales of the Zygomycetes have evolved the ability to form AM (Morton and Benny, 1990). lnteractions between an AM fungus and a plant begin when a hypha from a germinating soilborne spore comes into contact with a host root. This step is followed by induction of an appressorium, from which an infection hypha penetrates deep into the parenchyma cortex (Figure lA), where inter-and intracellular proliferation of mycelium is intense. Here, fungal development culm...

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Infections with Various Types of Organisms Stimulate Transcription from a Short Promoter Fragment of the Potatogst1Gene

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Nematode Pathogenesis and Resistance in Plants

Nematode Pathogenesis and Resistance in Plants

Cellular and molecular defence‐related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Plant Cell Responses to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Getting to the Roots of the Symbiosis

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