Infections of the Eyelids, Orbit, and Ocular Adnexa

Ocular Fungal Infections

“…Fungal infections in the ocular adnexa include a wide variety of fungal diseases that involve the eyelid, conjunctiva, and lacrimal system, and may range from benign conditions to severe infections associated with systemic infections [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. They are diagnosed based on the pattern involvement, clinical features or associated systemic findings, and epidemiological data.…”

“…Ocular fungal infections are categorized by the anatomical location of the infection. These infections can occur around the eye (ocular adnexa), or in the eye, including the anterior and posterior segments of the eye [ 3 ].…”

“…Major pathogenic fungi of the eye include Aspergillus , Candida spp., Cryptococcus species, and Coccidioides spp., Fusarium, Penicillium, Pseudallescheria , dimorphic fungi as Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces dermatitidis , Sporothrix spp., and Coccidioides spp. ( C. immitis and C. posadasii ) [ 3 , 4 ]. The diagnosis of ocular fungal infections can be difficult because of non-specific clinical manifestations.…”

Orbital cellulitis

“…Surgery involving the orbital, lacrimal, or vitreoretinal structure may contribute to the development of infection. Odontogenic orbital cellulitis can occur when infection of the upper jaw, usually molar tooth, can spread via the maxillary sinuses to the orbit (Behrens et al, 2018;Sodhi et al, 2016).…”

“…Computed tomography (CT) imaging is useful in demonstrating whether the paranasal sinuses are free from infection. The condition responds well to systemic steroids (Sodhi et al, 2016). Patients suffering from contact dermatitis can also present with itching, inflammation and swelling of the eyelids.…”