Infections in “Noninfectious” Lung Diseases

Fitzpatrick, Meghan; Sethi, Sanjay; Daley, Charles L.; Ray, Prabir; Beck, James M.; Gingo, Matthew R.

doi:10.1513/annalsats.201401-041pl

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, they have some limitations in identifying co-infections and dynamics of polymicrobial populations. These communities consist of bacteria, fungi, and viruses all potentially contributing to infection and inflammation ( Lu et al, 2011 ; Charlson et al, 2012a , b ; Delhaes et al, 2012 ; Fodor et al, 2012 ; Filkins et al, 2012 ; Carmody et al, 2013 ; Cui et al, 2013 ; Harrison et al, 2013 ; Huang et al, 2013 ; Dawood et al, 2014 ; Fitzpatrick et al, 2014 ; Goffard et al, 2014 ; Lim et al, 2014 ; McCullers, 2014 ; Mounier et al, 2014 ; Purcell et al, 2014 ; Willger et al, 2014 ; Wurzel et al, 2014 ). In addition, the majority of fungal species are difficult to cultivate or uncultivable on usual culture media as well as new or unknown pathogens ( Bittar et al, 2008 ; Chabé et al, 2011 ; Paniz-Mondolfi et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Respiratory Mycobiome: From Proof Of Concept To Rational Datmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome

2015

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The lung microbiome, which is believed to be stable or at least transient in healthy people, is now considered as a poly-microorganism component contributing to disease pathogenesis. Most research studies on the respiratory microbiome have focused on bacteria and their impact on lung health, but there is evidence that other non-bacterial organisms, comprising the viruses (virome) and fungi (mycobiome), are also likely to play an important role in healthy people as well as in patients. In the last few years, the lung mycobiome (previously named the fungal microbiota or microbiome) has drawn closer attention. There is growing evidence that the lung mycobiome has a significant impact on clinical outcome of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Thanks to advances in culture independent methods, especially next generation sequencing, a number of fungi not detected by culture methods have been molecularly identified in human lungs. It has been shown that the structure and diversity of the lung mycobiome vary in different populations (healthy and different diseased individuals) which could play a role in CRD. Moreover, the link between lung mycobiome and different biomes of other body sites, especially the gut, has also been unraveled. By interacting with the bacteriome and/or virome, the respiratory mycobiome appears to be a cofactor in inflammation and in the host immune response, and therefore may contribute to the decline of the lung function and the disease progression. In this review, we report the recent limited explorations of the human respiratory mycobiome, and discuss the mycobiome’s connections with other local microbial communities, as well as the relationships with the different biomes of other body sites. These studies suggest several outlooks for this understudied emerging field, which will certainly call for a renewal of our understanding of pulmonary diseases.

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Section: Respiratory Mycobiome: From Proof Of Concept To Rational Datmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome

2015

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“…Some infectious agents associated with postinfectious bronchiectasis such as measles, pertussis, adenovirus 21, and TB are the principal causative agents of respiratory damage in bronchiectasis. [ 40 41 42 43 44 45 ] Others are concurrent infections with bronchiectasis such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), P. aeruginosa , human immunodeficiency virus, and atypical mycobacteria. [ 41 42 43 44 45 ]…”

Section: Etiology Of Bronchiectasismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Saudi Thoracic Society guidelines for diagnosis and management of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

et al. 2017

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This is the first guideline developed by the Saudi Thoracic Society for the diagnosis and management of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Local experts including pulmonologists, infectious disease specialists, thoracic surgeons, respiratory therapists, and others from adult and pediatric departments provided the best practice evidence recommendations based on the available international and local literature. The main objective of this guideline is to utilize the current published evidence to develop recommendations about management of bronchiectasis suitable to our local health-care system and available resources. We aim to provide clinicians with tools to standardize the diagnosis and management of bronchiectasis. This guideline targets primary care physicians, family medicine practitioners, practicing internists and respiratory physicians, and all other health-care providers involved in the care of the patients with bronchiectasis.

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“…There is a broad range in prevalence between different studies reflecting the difficulties in accurately isolating this pathogen. As NTHi is an opportunistic pathogen it often infects lungs, which have structural damage such as COPD (“noninfectious lung disease”) as well as primary infectious conditions such as bronchiectasis [ 10 ]. The recent use of bacterial sequencing, particularly the use of 16S rRNA, has also highlighted the prevalence of H. influenzae in the lung [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Lower Respiratory Tract Disease and Nthimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lung Immune Response to NontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(Lung Immunity to NTHi)

King

Sharma

2015

Journal of Immunology Research

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Haemophilus influenzae is divided into typeable or nontypeable strains based on the presence or absence of a polysaccharide capsule. The typeable strains (such as type b) are an important cause of systemic infection, whilst the nontypeable strains (designated as NTHi) are predominantly respiratory mucosal pathogens. NTHi is present as part of the normal microbiome in the nasopharynx, from where it may spread down to the lower respiratory tract. In this context it is no longer a commensal and becomes an important respiratory pathogen associated with a range of common conditions including bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, and particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NTHi induces a strong inflammatory response in the respiratory tract with activation of immune responses, which often fail to clear the bacteria from the lung. This results in recurrent/persistent infection and chronic inflammation with consequent lung pathology. This review will summarise the current literature about the lung immune response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, a topic that has important implications for patient management.

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Infections in “Noninfectious” Lung Diseases

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome

The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome

The Saudi Thoracic Society guidelines for diagnosis and management of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

The Lung Immune Response to NontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(Lung Immunity to NTHi)

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