Infection with a Chlorophyllic Eukaryote after a Traumatic Freshwater Injury

Westblade, Lars F.; Ranganath, Sangeetha; Dunne, William M.; Fader, Robert; Ford, Bradley

doi:10.1056/nejmc1401816

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In cases where the causal species was defined very different algal species were involved, such as Desmodesmus armatus var. subalternans and Chloroidium saccharophila [ 245 , 246 ]. The latter species is also abundant in the built environment.…”

Section: Pathogenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most incidents of “algal infection” (“chlorellosis”) deep traumatic inoculation is almost always involved. Regarding the treatment of green algal infection (“chlorellosis”), the procedure is similar to the treatment of protothecosis with surgical measures and/or drug administration [ 243 , 244 , 246 ]. Algal infections ( Chlorella sp., Chlorochytrium sp., Scenedesmus sp., Cladophora sp.)…”

Section: Pathogenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

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Section: Pathogenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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“…11 Desmodesmus armatus, another alga in Scenedesmaceae, has been associated with infections in 2 human patients following traumatic injuries in fresh water. 10 A source of the infection was not apparent on the veterinarian's examination or the client history. However, given the slow growth of the lesion and the size at presentation, the initial exposure may have occurred a long time prior to the enlargement noted by the owner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Desmodesmus armatus , another alga in Scenedesmaceae , has been associated with infections in 2 human patients following traumatic injuries in fresh water. 10…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Algal Lymphadenitis in a Dog Caused byScenedesmusSpecies

et al. 2020

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A 6-year-old, spayed female Labrador/Weimaraner cross-breed dog that had previously lived in Arizona presented in Montana for an annual examination with an incidentally enlarged popliteal lymph node, which was subsequently biopsied. Histologically, the lymph node was expanded by eosinophil-rich granulomas with both extracellular and intrahistiocytic green algae. These algae had intracytoplasmic, birefringent, and refractile granules; readily formed 2 to 3 mm green colonies on Columbia blood agar medium; and ultrastructurally had a multilayered cell wall and intracytoplasmic chloroplasts. Amplified product from the internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 regions of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene had high sequence identity to Scenedesmus sp. Despite similar infection in the retropharyngeal lymph node 1 year later, the animal remained otherwise healthy with no clinical signs. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of Scenedesmus species infection in a dog and is a differential diagnosis for Coccidioides immitis.

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“…The lesions disappeared after 3 months of internal itraconazole treatment. Infection with Desmodesmus , a chlorophyll‐containing alga, is extremely rare . The discovery of small, yeast‐like forms with broad‐based buds may be a hint to perform molecular analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%