Infection of the Sunagoke moss panels with fungal pathogens hampers sustainable greening in urban environments

Akita, Motomu; Lehtonen, Mikko; Koponen, Hilkka; Marttinen, Eeva; Valkonen, Jari P. T.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.009

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…and a severe pathogen (Fusarium avenaceum), both isolated from moss (Akita et al 2011;Lehtonen et al 2009). …”

Section: Resistance To Fungi Is Reduced In Pptspo1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Basidiomycota; Polyporales; family Steccherinaceae) and a pathogenic isolate of F. avenaceum (Hyphomycetes) were both isolated from the Sunagoke moss (Racomitrium japonicum Dozy and Molk. ; family Grimmiaceae) growing in the field in Japan and have been described previously (Akita et al 2011;Lehtonen et al 2009). Pure cultures of these fungi were grown on potato dextrose agar (Biokar Diagnostics, Pantin Cedex, France) and used for inoculation.…”

Section: Fungal Isolates and Inoculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Lehtonen

Akita²,

Frank³

et al. 2012

MPMI

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Production of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS), or oxidative burst, is among the first responses of plants upon recognition of microorganisms. It requires peroxidase or NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and factors maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Here, PpTSPO1 involved in mitochondrial tetrapyrrole transport and abiotic (salt) stress tolerance was tested for its role in biotic stress in Physcomitrella patens, a nonvascular plant (moss). The fungal elicitor chitin caused an immediate oxidative burst in wild-type P. patens but not in the previously described ΔPrx34 mutants lacking the chitin-responsive secreted class III peroxidase (Prx34). Oxidative burst in P. patens was associated with induction of the oxidative stress-related genes AOX, LOX7, and NOX, and also PpTSPO1. The available ΔPpTSPO1 knockout mutants overexpressed AOX and LOX7 constitutively, produced 2.6-fold more ROS than wild-type P. patens, and exhibited increased sensitivity to a fungal necrotrophic pathogen and a saprophyte. These results indicate that Prx34, which is pivotal for antifungal resistance, catalyzes ROS production in P. patens, while PpTSPO1 controls redox homeostasis. The capacity of TSPO to bind harmful free heme and porphyrins and scavenge them through autophagy, as shown in Arabidopsis under abiotic stress, seems important to maintenance of the homeostasis required for efficient pathogen defense.

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“…and a severe pathogen (Fusarium avenaceum), both isolated from moss (Akita et al 2011;Lehtonen et al 2009). …”

Section: Resistance To Fungi Is Reduced In Pptspo1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fungal Isolates and Inoculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Lehtonen

Akita²,

Frank³

et al. 2012

MPMI

Self Cite

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“…Although the disease responses of mosses have begun to be studied only recently, saprobic and parasitic interactions have been reported between mosses and fungi, e.g., Hylocomium splendeus is infected by the saprobic and parasitic fungi Coniochaeta velutina [16]. Pathogenic fungi were isolated from Racomitrium japonicum and these fungi were also able to infect higher plants and P. patens [17]. P. patens is also infected by Erwinia carotovora ssp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physcomitrella patens Has Kinase-LRR R Gene Homologs and Interacting Proteins

et al. 2014

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Plant disease resistance gene (R gene)-like sequences were screened from the Physcomitrella patens genome. We found 603 kinase-like, 475 Nucleotide Binding Site (NBS)-like and 8594 Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR)-like sequences by homology searching using the respective domains of PpC24 (Accession No. BAD38895), which is a candidate kinase-NBS-LRR (kinase-NL) type R-like gene, as a reference. The positions of these domains in the genome were compared and 17 kinase-NLs were predicted. We also found four TIR-NBS-LRR (TIR-NL) sequences with homology to Arabidopsis TIR-NL (NM_001125847), but three out of the four TIR-NLs had tetratricopeptide repeats or a zinc finger domain in their predicted C-terminus. We also searched for kinase-LRR (KLR) type sequences by homology with rice OsXa21 and Arabidopsis thaliana FLS2. As a result, 16 KLRs with similarity to OsXa21 were found. In phylogenetic analysis of these 16 KLRs, PpKLR36, PpKLR39, PpKLR40, and PpKLR43 formed a cluster with OsXa21. These four PpKLRs had deduced transmembrane domain sequences and expression of all four was confirmed. We also found 14 homologs of rice OsXB3, which is known to interact with OsXa21 and is involved in signal transduction. Protein–protein interaction was observed between the four PpKLRs and at least two of the XB3 homologs in Y2H analysis.

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“…PGIPs are thought to play a role in pathogen defense by preventing foreign PGs from degrading the plant cell wall [53], and it is interesting that none were detected in either our representative moss or lycophyte, given that Physcomitrella and other mosses are susceptible to fungal pathogens [54]. The PMEI tree we generated only contains genes from Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula , and might not adequately represent the diversity in this gene family.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of pectin-related gene families in Physcomitrella patensand nine other plant species yields evolutionary insights into cell walls

et al. 2014

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BackgroundPectins are acidic sugar-containing polysaccharides that are universally conserved components of the primary cell walls of plants and modulate both tip and diffuse cell growth. However, many of their specific functions and the evolution of the genes responsible for producing and modifying them are incompletely understood. The moss Physcomitrella patens is emerging as a powerful model system for the study of plant cell walls. To identify deeply conserved pectin-related genes in Physcomitrella, we generated phylogenetic trees for 16 pectin-related gene families using sequences from ten plant genomes and analyzed the evolutionary relationships within these families.ResultsContrary to our initial hypothesis that a single ancestral gene was present for each pectin-related gene family in the common ancestor of land plants, five of the 16 gene families, including homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferases, polygalacturonases, pectin methylesterases, homogalacturonan methyltransferases, and pectate lyase-like proteins, show evidence of multiple members in the early land plant that gave rise to the mosses and vascular plants. Seven of the gene families, the UDP-rhamnose synthases, UDP-glucuronic acid epimerases, homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase-like proteins, β-1,4-galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferases, rhamnogalacturonan II xylosyltransferases, and pectin acetylesterases appear to have had a single member in the common ancestor of land plants. We detected no Physcomitrella members in the xylogalacturonan xylosyltransferase, rhamnogalacturonan I arabinosyltransferase, pectin methylesterase inhibitor, or polygalacturonase inhibitor protein families.ConclusionsSeveral gene families related to the production and modification of pectins in plants appear to have multiple members that are conserved as far back as the common ancestor of mosses and vascular plants. The presence of multiple members of these families even before the divergence of other important cell wall-related genes, such as cellulose synthases, suggests a more complex role than previously suspected for pectins in the evolution of land plants. The presence of relatively small pectin-related gene families in Physcomitrella as compared to Arabidopsis makes it an attractive target for analysis of the functions of pectins in cell walls. In contrast, the absence of genes in Physcomitrella for some families suggests that certain pectin modifications, such as homogalacturonan xylosylation, arose later during land plant evolution.

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Infection of the Sunagoke moss panels with fungal pathogens hampers sustainable greening in urban environments

Cited by 28 publications

References 40 publications

Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Physcomitrella patens Has Kinase-LRR R Gene Homologs and Interacting Proteins

Phylogenetic analysis of pectin-related gene families in Physcomitrella patensand nine other plant species yields evolutionary insights into cell walls

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