Infection of the heart cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii, from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, with an endosymbiotic alga

Hartman, Michael C.; Pratt, Ivan

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(76)90002-1

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Giant clams still bear some similarities to other members of the Cardiidae, for example predator detection via chemoreception (e.g. in the common cockle Cerastoderma edule ; Romano et al 2011 ) and a photosymbiotic relationship (in some fragines, Kirkendale 2009 ; the heart cockle, Kawaguti 1950 ; and possibly in the heart/basket cockle Clinocardium nuttallii , Hartman and Pratt 1976 ), but they are behaviourally quite separate in many ways. As Yonge ( 1982 , p. 770) notes: ‘While basic structure, both of mantle/shell and viscero-pedal mass, indicates association with the Cardiidae…, the totally distinctive structure of the Tridacninae indicates long and intimate association with coral reefs’.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behaviour of giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae)

Soo

Todd

2014

Mar Biol

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Giant clams, the largest living bivalves, live in close association with coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific. These iconic invertebrates perform numerous important ecological roles as well as serve as flagship species—drawing attention to the ongoing destruction of coral reefs and their associated biodiversity. To date, no review of giant clams has focussed on their behaviour, yet this component of their autecology is critical to their life history and hence conservation. Almost 100 articles published between 1865 and 2014 include behavioural observations, and these have been collated and synthesised into five sections: spawning, locomotion, feeding, anti-predation, and stress responses. Even though the exact cues for spawning in the wild have yet to be elucidated, giant clams appear to display diel and lunar periodicities in reproduction, and for some species, peak breeding seasons have been established. Perhaps surprisingly, giant clams have considerable mobility, ranging from swimming and gliding as larvae to crawling in juveniles and adults. Chemotaxis and geotaxis have been established, but giant clams are not phototactic. At least one species exhibits clumping behaviour, which may enhance physical stabilisation, facilitate reproduction, or provide protection from predators. Giant clams undergo several shifts in their mode of acquiring nutrition; starting with a lecithotrophic and planktotrophic diet as larvae, switching to pedal feeding after metamorphosis followed by the transition to a dual mode of filter feeding and phototrophy once symbiosis with zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.) is established. Because of their shell weight and/or byssal attachment, adult giant clams are unable to escape rapidly from threats using locomotion. Instead, they exhibit a suite of visually mediated anti-predation behaviours that include sudden contraction of the mantle, valve adduction, and squirting of water. Knowledge on the behaviour of giant clams will benefit conservation and restocking efforts and help fine-tune mariculture techniques. Understanding the repertoire of giant clam behaviours will also facilitate the prediction of threshold levels for sustainable exploitation as well as recovery rates of depleted clam populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behaviour of giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae)

Soo

Todd

2014

Mar Biol

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“…Some marine bivalves also live in symbiosis with eukaryotic algae. These ‘photosymbiotic’ bivalves harbor dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium (Blank & Trench, ), which are commonly located intracellularly in a special tubular system connected to the stomach situated in the siphonal mantle, in gill tissue as well as sometimes in foot tissue (Blank & Trench, ; Yonge, ; Purchon, ; Stasek, ; Kawaguti, , , ; Hartman & Pratt, ; Jacobs & Jones, ; Jones & Jacobs, ; Norton et al ., ; Ohno et al ., ; Persselin, ; Vermeij, ). Until now, photosymbiosis in modern bivalves is known from the taxa of Cardiidae (Tridacninae, Fraginae, and Clinocaradiinae) and from Trapeziidae ( Fluviolanatus ) as well as from the freshwater Unionidae ( Anodonta and Unio , with the zoochlorellae as symbionts, Pardy, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The isotopic biosignatures of photo‐ vs. thiotrophic bivalves: are they preserved in fossil shells?

et al. 2014

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Symbiont-bearing and non-symbiotic marine bivalves were used as model organisms to establish biosignatures for the detection of distinctive symbioses in ancient bivalves. For this purpose, the isotopic composition of lipids (δ13C) and bulk organic shell matrix (δ13C, δ34S, δ15N) from shells of several thiotrophic, phototrophic, or non-symbiotic bivalves were compared (phototrophic: Fragum fragum, Fragum unedo, Tridacna maxima; thiotrophic: Codakia tigerina, Fimbria fimbriata, Anodontia sp.; non-symbiotic: Tapes dorsatus, Vasticardium vertebratum, Scutarcopagia sp.). ∆13C values of bulk organic shell matrices, most likely representing mainly original shell protein/chitin biomass, were depleted in thio- and phototrophic bivalves compared to non-symbiotic bivalves. As the bulk organic shell matrix also showed a major depletion of δ15N (down to -2.2 ‰) for thiotrophic bivalves, combined δ13C and δ15N values are useful to differentiate between thio-, phototrophic, and non-symbiotic lifestyles. However, the use of these isotopic signatures for the study of ancient bivalves is limited by the preservation of the bulk organic shell matrix in fossils. Substantial alteration was clearly shown by detailed microscopic analyses of fossil (late Pleistocene) T. maxima and Trachycardium lacunosum shell, demonstrating a severe loss of quantity and quality of bulk organic shell matrix with time. Likewise, the composition and δ13C-values of lipids from empty shells indicated that a large part of these compounds derived from prokaryotic decomposers. The use of lipids from ancient shells for the reconstruction of the bivalve's life style therefore appears to be restricted.

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“…Cockles have attractive shells and appetizing meat, but anecdotal evidence suggests that they also exhibit poor shelf life and low meat yields (Weymouth & Thompson ; Brooks ). Some ≥2 year old cockles in Yaquina Bay (Hartman & Pratt ) and Netarts Bay (Ratti ) in Oregon, USA were reported to harbour endosymbiotic algae in the siphonal and mantle tissues. Even in heavily infected cockles, though, shell closure and siphon retraction abilities were not impacted, indicating good general health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some ! 2 year old cockles in Yaquina Bay (Hartman & Pratt 1976) and Netarts Bay (Ratti 1978) in Oregon, USA were reported to harbour endosymbiotic algae in the siphonal and mantle tissues. Even in heavily infected cockles, though, shell closure and siphon retraction abilities were not impacted, indicating good general health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquaculture potential of the basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). Part 1: effects of stocking density on first year grow-out performance in intertidal and off-bottom suspended culture

et al. 2012

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The basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii) is a candidate species for aquaculture in the northeast Pacific. The aim of the current research was to assess the feasibility of C. nuttallii grow‐out, with an emphasis on growth performance and qualities affecting product marketability. In this article, we investigated the combined effects of culture mode (intertidal and off‐bottom suspended culture) and initial stocking density (1500, 3000, 10 500 and 21 000 ind m−2) on C. nuttallii survival and growth during the first year of grow‐out (May through October). In intertidal culture, cockles exhibited low survival and poor growth rates. In suspended culture, survival was consistently high (>96%) at all stocking densities tested; growth and condition parameters had the highest values at 1500 and 3000 ind m−2. The edible portion (meat yield) exceeded 40% of the whole wet weight at all stocking densities, occurrences of fouled and deformed cockles were <1% and no commensal species were observed. Depending on the minimum harvestable size and stocking density chosen, harvestable proportions constituted from 1.1% to 15.2% by October of the first grow‐out year in the suspended system. The effects of stocking density and depth on second year grow‐out performance of C. nuttallii are reported in a companion paper (Dunham et al. in this issue).

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Infection of the heart cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii, from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, with an endosymbiotic alga

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

The behaviour of giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae)

The behaviour of giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae)

The isotopic biosignatures of photo‐ vs. thiotrophic bivalves: are they preserved in fossil shells?

Aquaculture potential of the basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). Part 1: effects of stocking density on first year grow-out performance in intertidal and off-bottom suspended culture

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