Infection ofFrankliniella fusca(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Peanut by the Parasitic NematodeThripinema fuscum(Tylenchidae: Allantonematidae)

Funderburk, Joe; Stavisky, Julianne; Tipping, Christopher; Gorbet, D. W.; Momol, Tim; Berger, R. D.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-31.3.558

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This behavior by thrips may also be explained by the preference of newly produced leaves for oviposition by thrips. Funderburk et al (2002) indicated that the leaves are a more stable food source than ßowers. However, the ßowers provide pollen, and the ßowers are a suitable microhabitat to avoid desiccation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics and Within-Plant Distribution ofFrankliniellaspp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

et al. 2009

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Thrips cause damage to seedling cotton, and they are associated with the spread of Fusarium hardlock, a serious disease affecting cotton bolls that reduces lint yield in the southern United States. The population dynamics and within-plant distribution of Frankliniella spp. thrips in cotton were determined in 2005, 2006, and 2007 in Quincy and in 2006 and 2007 in Marianna, FL. Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) was >98% of the adult thrips collected. The adults of F. bispinosa (Morgan), F. occidentalis (Pergande), and F. fusca (Hinds) also were collected. Populations of F. fusca inhabited the cotton leaves of vegetative-stage cotton. The other species were highly anthophilic, primarily inhabiting cotton during its reproductive growth stages. Densities of these species peaked during mid-season, which also coincided with peak bloom. The adult F. tritici and the thrips larvae were aggregated in the flowers over the other plant parts, with more collected in the upper than the lower canopies. These patterns of aggregation were observed at each location each year, and the numerical differences usually were significant (P < 0.05). Densities of adult F. tritici were low on the leaves, squares, and bolls. The population dynamics and with-plant distribution of individual thrips species has not previously been determined for cotton in the southern United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics and Within-Plant Distribution ofFrankliniellaspp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

et al. 2009

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“…Therefore, predation of thrips probably was fairly equal across the pesticide treatments, and the suppression of the adults of F. tritici and thrips larvae observed in the experiments was due to the toxic effect of the insecticide lambda cyhalothrin. Broadspectrum pyrethroid insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin were reported sometimes to have no effect on populations of O. insidiosus (Funderburk et al 2002) and sometimes to suppress populations of O. insidiosus (Funderburk et al 2000, Ramachandran et al 2001, Srivistava et al 2008.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower-Inhabiting Frankliniella Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Pesticides, and Fusarium Hardlock in Cotton

Osekre¹,

Wright²,

Marois³

et al. 2009

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Cotton hardlock caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc. Nirenberg) can reduce cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., yields > 70% in the southeastern United States. The spores infect flowers on the day of pollination, resulting in hardlock, which is the failure of the fiber to fluff as the boll opens at maturity. Frankliniella spp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) inhabiting the flowers are hypothesized to increase hardlock by spreading the conidia or by creating entranceways for the germinating Fusarium conidia. Experiments were conducted at Marianna and Quincy in Florida in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether there was a relationship between the number of adult and larval thrips inhabiting the flowers of cotton and the incidence of cotton hardlock. Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) was > 98% of the adult thrips in the samples at both locations each year. The adults of Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) also were collected. There were no significant regression relationships between weekly mean densities of thrips in the flowers and the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest in any of the experiments. Additional experiments were conducted at each location in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether weekly applications during flowering of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, the fungicide thiophanate methyl, and the combination of the two reduced the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide significantly reduced the numbers of adult F. tritici, the number of thrips larvae, and the incidence of hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide were as affective as applications of the insecticide plus fungicide. In one experiment, applications of the fungicide reduced the incidence of hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide usually significantly increased the number of adult F. occidentalis. None of the pesticide treatments significantly affected the numbers of the key thrips predator Orius insidiosus (Say). We conclude that insecticidal control of the adults and larvae of F. tritici during flowering reduced the incidence of cotton hardlock. However, there were no significant regression relationships between the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest and the number of thrips in the flowers.

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“…The natural population dynamics or seasonal abundance of species of Thripinema have been studied in WFT (Heinz et al 1996) and other thrips species, F. fusca Hinds (Funderburk et al 2002b), F. australis Morgan (Funderburk et al 2002a), Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin (Sharga 1932;Lysaught 1937) and Megaluriothrips sp. (Reddy et al 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the nematodesSteinernema feltiaeandThripinema nicklewoodias biological control agents of western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalisinfesting chrysanthemum

Arthurs

Heinz

2006

Biocontrol Science and Technology

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In greenhouse studies, we evaluated a commercial formulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae and the inoculative release of the thrips-parasitic nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi against western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande infesting potted chrysanthemums. Foliar sprays of S. feltiae applied at 1.25 Á/2.5 )/10 3 IJ mL (1 and 1000 Á/ 2000 L ha (1 at 3-day intervals alone (targeting feeding stages) or in combination with soil applications (simultaneously treating non-feeding stages in the soil at the same rates) decreased but did not provide adequate control of thrips in flowering plants artificially infested with a dense population. Similar nematode treatments applied for four to five applications at 6-day intervals in two batches of initially clean chrysanthemums failed to prevent unacceptable damage to flowers and leaves from a dense natural infestation within the greenhouse. Although some IJ survived up to 48 h within flowers and flower buds, few nematode-infected thrips (larvae and adults) were recovered. In studies with T. nicklewoodi (which is not amenable for mass production), the inoculative releases of two parasitized hosts per plant enabled the nematode to become established within existing WFT populations under greenhouse conditions. However, relatively poor transmission and slow speed of kill (nematode primarily suppresses populations through host sterilization) prevented low level inoculations being effective over a single crop cycle. Further studies showed that transmission of T. nicklewoodi persisted for nine host generations, infected up to 83% of adult thrips and provided long-term suppression of discrete caged populations, but only after uneconomically high thrips densities had been reached.

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Infection ofFrankliniella fusca(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Peanut by the Parasitic NematodeThripinema fuscum(Tylenchidae: Allantonematidae)

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Population Dynamics and Within-Plant Distribution ofFrankliniellaspp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

Population Dynamics and Within-Plant Distribution ofFrankliniellaspp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

Flower-Inhabiting <I>Frankliniella</I> Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Pesticides, and <I>Fusarium</I> Hardlock in Cotton

Evaluation of the nematodesSteinernema feltiaeandThripinema nicklewoodias biological control agents of western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalisinfesting chrysanthemum

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