Infection-Induced Kidney Diseases

Abstract

Infection induced kidney diseases are of concern for clinicians because timely detection and treatment of infections may cure or limit the extent of injury inflicted by microorganisms causing the infections. Infections can cause kidney injury by either direct invasion, or indirectly by immune mediated mechanisms, which manifest as post-infectious glomerulonephritis, or infection-related glomerulonephritis. Clinical manifestations may be acute or chronic depending on the microorganisms, endemic/epidemic nature and source of infection. All microbials virus, bacteria, mycobacteria, fungus, and protozoa have been implicated in kidney diseases either causing direct kidney injuries or immune-mediated injuries. Infection control practices in large parts of world is limited by poverty, social behavior, high population density, deforestation, inadequate access to safe drinking water, and poor health care facilities. Although, antimicrobials and vaccinations have successfully eradicated and cured many infectious diseases; however injudicious antimicrobial use and emergence of resistant organisms complicated the disease severity like secondary renal amyloidosis with chronic persistent infection. Re-emergence of various infections has been a recent pattern in developed world leading to uncertain diagnostic challenges, and association with kidney diseases.

Glomerular Deposition of Nephritis-Associated Plasmin Receptor (NAPlr) and Related Plasmin Activity: Key Diagnostic Biomarkers of Bacterial Infection-related Glomerulonephritis

“…A wide variety of bacterial infection-related renal diseases are known, among which the most common is acute kidney injury (AKI) [1], which occurs as part of multiple organ failure. Changes in hemodynamics and cytokine expression are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI.…”

“…Accumulated data suggest that the disease concept of bacterial IRGN can be further expanded, and glomerular deposition of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr), originally considered to be a candidate nephritogenic protein for PSAGN [8] and related plasmin activity [9], can be used as general diagnostic biomarkers of bacterial IRGN. Although infections of various viruses, mycobacteria, fungi, or protozoa are also known to cause IRGN [1], they are not within the scope of this article.…”

Leptin signaling regulates physiological damage and host-pathogen cooperation

“…To test our hypothesis, we took a clinical pathology approach. Yersinia infection has been reported to cause both liver and kidney damage (Buhles et al, 1981;Dubois et al, 1982;Farrer et al, 1988;Kim et al, 2019;Prasad and Patel, 2018). Therefore, we measured the amount of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the serum of both uninfected and infected mice.…”

Mechanistic Aspects and Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin against COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

“…Kidneys are high-risk organs for viral invasion, and the presence of AKI represents poor prognosis and potentially fatal outcome in several virus diseases [56]. Therefore, avoiding or even controlling the progression of AKI during viral infection have become challenges for the medical community.…”