Infection in the Immunocompromised Host

Leyden, James J.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1985.01660070045012

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Immune factors that may affect the development of fungal infection are mainly neutrophil deficiency, abnormal blood count, myeloperoxidase deficiency, dysfunction of T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and damage to the reticuloendothelial system 5 . Other important factors are the pathogenicity of the fungal cells, their enzymatic activity, the properties of epithelial cells of the skin and mucosae, and the coexistence of local and systemic factors that cause increased proliferation of saprophytic fungi.…”

Section: Effect Of Immunosuppressive Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutaneous fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Palmeiro¹,

Borges‐Costa²

2023

PJDV

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Long-term exposure to immunosuppressive drugs is a significant risk factor for the development of both cancers and infections. Solid-organ transplant recipients benefit from dermatology follow-up, allowing early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.While there is abundant information on the development of cutaneous malignancies in these patients, there is still an underrepresentation in the literature regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous fungal infections. There is also more data available on cutaneous manifestations of systemic fungal infections than on superficial infections. Herein, the authors aim to present a short review of the most frequent primary fungal infections in this population, as well as to share some cases that presented to our dermatology outpatient clinic for solid organ transplant recipients.

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Section: Effect Of Immunosuppressive Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Herein, we perform a narrative review of primary cutaneous fungal infections in SOTR. Disseminated fungal infections are beyond the scope of this article and will not be discussed 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Palmeiro¹,

Borges‐Costa²

2023

PJDV

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“…845,846 The incidence and severity of skin disease is a good indicator of the underlying immune status of the patient. [850][851][852] A unique manifestation of HIV infection is oral 'hairy' leukoplakia, which is characterized by raised, poorly demarcated projections on the lateral borders of the tongue, resulting in a corrugated or 'hairy' surface. 849 Infections in immunocompromised patients may differ in severity and other clinical features from those in normal hosts.…”

Section: Dengue Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral diseases

Weedon

2010

Weedon's Skin Pathology

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The Pathogenic Role of Microbes in Seborrheic Dermatitis

Skinner¹

1986

Arch Dermatol

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metabolized on the surface of the skin and the metabolite were absorbed in addition to the parent drug, this method would overestimate absorption of the parent drug by ignoring the metabolite. Although this approach has its obvious shortcomings for those with pharmacologie inter¬ ests, it does satisfactorily serve the toxicologie objective of my study.To calculate total absorption from total urinary excre¬ tion, one must know what percentage of the applied radioactive drug is excreted in the urine. This fraction can be determined by administering a "known" dose of the parent drug by another route and assuming that its excretion pattern is not different from that seen following percutaneous absorption. Although this second assump¬ tion is potentially problematic, with regard to minoxidil, the issue is quite clear and the assumption justified. In both monkey and human,34 urinary excretion of orally administered minoxidil is 94% to 97% of the dose, with no more than 3% being found in the feces. It can be concluded, therefore, that no other route of excretion (eg, breath, sweat) can represent a significant pathway of loss unless the skin metabolizes the drug to species totally different than those found following oral administration.Although the skin is certainly capable of metabolizing drugs and may indeed metabolize minoxidil, it is unlikely that this had any effect on the calculation of total minox¬ idil absorption. Metabolism in the skin would have to lead to (1) a metabolite not excreted via the urine or feces or (2) a metabolite bound in the skin or elsewhere and excreted so slowly that it falls below detectable limits.The first possibility seems quite remote since oral administration in both human and monkey leads to metab¬ olites that are virtually all excreted in the urine. Why should the skin metabolize drugs differently? (The possi¬ bility of a switch to fecal excretion following percutaneous administration has been ruled out in my study by the finding of no detectable radioactivity in the feces.)The second possibility, at least that of skin binding, has been ruled out as a significant factor through skin biopsy.Less than 3% of the administered dose could be accounted for in the skin following the surface wash at 24 hours.Thus, although the metabolism and distribution of minoxidil following topical application has not been deter¬ mined, it is highly unlikely that either of these two factors could have significantly altered the values previously determined for total absorption. 1. Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI: Percutaneous penetration of steroids in man. J Invest Dermatol 1969;52:89-94. 2. Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI: Absorption of some organic compounds through the skin in man. J Invest Dermatol 1970;54:399-404 3. Thomas RC, Hsi RS, Harpootlian H, et al: Metabolism of minoxidil, a new hypotensive agent: I. Absorption, distribution, and excretion following administration to rats, dogs, and monkeys. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:1360\x=req-\ 1366. 4. Gottlieb TB, Thomas RC, Chidsey CA: Pharmacokinetic studies of minoxidil. Cli...

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Infection in the Immunocompromised Host

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Cutaneous fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Cutaneous fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Viral diseases

The Pathogenic Role of Microbes in Seborrheic Dermatitis

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