Infection, Immunodeficiency, and Inflammatory Diseases in Autoimmune Neurology

Piquet, Amanda L.; Clardy, Stacey

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1660820

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…This could be explained by a continuous interplay between genetic and environmental factors such as low levels of vitamin D [ 4 ] and the lack of exposure to parasites (i.e. hygiene hypothesis) [ 5 ]. Among the environmental culprits incriminated for triggering and exacerbating NADs, the ones that have been studied the most are infections, gut microbiota which are closely related to diet, smoking, air pollution, vitamins, stress, vaccination, and medication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases

Acosta-Ampudia

Monsalve

Ramírez-Santana

2019

Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

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The target organ of neurological autoimmune diseases (NADs) is the central or peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common NAD, whereas Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are less common NADs, but the incidence of these diseases has increased exponentially in the last few years. The identification of a specific culprit in NADs is challenging since a myriad of triggering factors interplay with each other to cause an autoimmune response. Among the factors that have been associated with NADs are genetic susceptibility, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental factors such as infection, microbiota, vitamins, etc. This review focuses on the most studied culprits as well as the mechanisms used by these to trigger NADs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases

Acosta-Ampudia

Monsalve

Ramírez-Santana

2019

Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

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“…Infections by viral and bacterial pathogens are suspected to initiate a broad range of neurological inflammatory disorders particularly AE 31 . Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has reported to trigger some types of AE frequently more than others, including anti-NMDAR, GABA A R, mGluR5, Neure-xin3a, and D2R antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of A Novel Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated Antibody against CRMP2

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objective Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a large category disorder urging antibody characterization. The aim was to identify a novel AE related autoantibody targeting an intracellular synaptic protein. Methods Suspected AE patients had negative conventional antibodies screening but strong immunolabel signals on rat brain sections with the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were considered burdening unkown antibody. Immunoprecipitation from the rat brain protein lysate followed by mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the targeting antigen. Western blotting and/or cell-based assay (CBA) with antigen-overexpressing HEK293T cells were used for antibody specificity, epitope and IgG subtype determination. Patients with similar immunostaining pattern on rat brain sections were retrospectively screened for the antibody. Results The antibody against collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a synaptic protein involved in axon guidance, was identified in a patient with suspected AE. The patient samples reactivated with HEK293T cell overexpressed CRMP2, rather than CRMP1, 3, 4, and 5. The patient samples mainly stained neuronal cytoplasm of the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum Purkinje cells. This reactivity was eliminated by pre-immunoabsorption with CRMP2-overexpressing HEK293T cells. CRMP2 truncation experiments indicated that 536 amino acids at C-terminus was necessary for the epitope. Subtype analysis showed that anti-CRMP2 antibody was IgG4. Moreover, screening from 19 suspected AE patients led to identification of anti-CRMP2 antibody in another patient with a diagnosis of encephalomyelitis. The two patients responded to immunotherapy. Conclusions This study discovered a novel anti-CRMP2 antibody associated with AE. Testing of the antibody might be promising for AE diagnosis and treatment.

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Infection and inflammation: radiological insights into patterns of pediatric immune-mediated CNS injury

Malik

Shroff

2022

Neuroradiology

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The central nervous system (CNS) undergoes constant immune surveillance enabled via regionally specialized mechanisms. These include selectively permissive barriers and modifications to interlinked innate and adaptive immune systems that detect and remove an inciting trigger. The end-points of brain injury and edema from these triggers are varied but often follow recognizable patterns due to shared underlying immune drivers. Imaging provides insights to understanding these patterns that often arise from unique interplays of infection, inflammation and genetics. We review the current updates in our understanding of these intersections and through examples of cases from our practice, highlight that infection and inflammation follow diverse yet convergent mechanisms that can challenge the CNS in children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00234-022-03100-x.

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Infection, Immunodeficiency, and Inflammatory Diseases in Autoimmune Neurology

Cited by 8 publications

References 102 publications

Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases

Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases

Characterization of A Novel Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated Antibody against CRMP2

Infection and inflammation: radiological insights into patterns of pediatric immune-mediated CNS injury

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