Infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, in Relation with Reproductive Failure

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that besides oncogenic capacity, HPV could have etiological role on infertility, but more evidence is necessary to confirm these results. We present in this chapter the microbiological and clinical outcome of 104 infertile women aleatory selected, from northeast of Mexico: 84.6%, with genital infection (GI) by multiple germs: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) [86.5%], HPV [49%], Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) [47.11%] and Mycoplasma hominis [35.57%]. Significant association (P ≤ 0, 05) was observed between the HPV presence and Uu diagnosis, assisted-reproduction unsuccessful like previous treatment, cervical cytology with inflammatory process, multiple sexual partners, white-dense-mucous, secretion into the vagina, and HPV diagnosed in early years. The more frequent genotypes of HPV present in the infertile women studied were 6/18/16/58/11 and 68. In 60% of them, more than two genotypes were founded. The most frequent associations of high-risk HPV (HPVhr) were 16/18, 16/58, 16/33, 16/52 and 18/58. Considering the isolate or combined presentation of HPVhr, 79.5% of these women would have a potential to develop cervix carcinoma. GI by HPV/Uu/Ct affects the fertility. Infertile women with GI that include these microorganisms with probed (HPV/Ct) or suspicious carcinogenic effect (Uu) would be considered a group of high risk for cervical cancer.

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Women in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

“…A significant association was found in this study between HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis (OR 2.54, CI 1.08–5.99), which is similar to the findings of Ancer [ 47 ] and Ntuli [ 38 ]. It may be important to assess infected women with HPV co-infection with C. trachomatis, considering that this association may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer as a result of an inflammatory response [ 17 ].…”