Infection and innate immune mechanism of goose astrovirus

Abstract

Goose astrovirus (GAstV, genus Avian Astrovirus, family Astrovirus) was first discovered in 2005, but was not considered as a pathogen of gosling gout until 2016. Since then, goose astrovirus has erupted in Chinese goslings, causing at most 50% of gosling deaths. By December 2022, the disease had become epidemic and prevailed in goose farms in Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Liaoning, Sichuan and other places in China. The disease mainly affects goslings within 3 weeks old. The typical symptoms of goose astrovirus are large deposits of urate in the viscera, joint cavity and ureter surface of infected goslings. Goose astrovirus infection can trigger high levels of iNOS, limiting goose astrovirus replication. The ORF2 domain P2 of the goose astrovirus activates the OASL protein, limiting its replication. Goose astrovirus can also activate pattern recognition receptors (RIG-I, MDA-5, TLR-3), causing an increase in MHC-Ia, MHC-Ib and CD81 mRNA, activating humoral and cellular immunity, thereby hindering virus invasion. Goose astrovirus also regulates the activation of IFNs and other antiviral proteins (Mx1, IFITM3, and PKR) in the spleens and kidneys to inhibit viral replication. The innate immune response process in goslings also activates TGF-β, which may be closely related to the immune escape of goose astrovirus. Gaining insight into the infection and innate immune mechanism of goose astrovirus can help researchers study and prevent the severe disease in goslings better.

Resolving candidate genes of duck ovarian tissue transplantation via RNA-Seq and expression network analyses

“…It is expressed in various types of tissues, including the liver, kidney, and lung. Studies have demonstrated that MX1 influence the occurrence of apoptosis or programmed cell death, which is essential for the removal of damaged or infected cells ( Ciancanelli et al, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2023 ). Furthermore, MX1 maintains immune response processes by regulating T-cell proliferation and differentiation ( Sato et al, 2015 ).…”

Molecular epidemiology and virulence of goose astroviruses genotype-2 with different internal gene sequences

“…Frontiers in Microbiology 09 frontiersin.org contributes to the gradual formation of increased ammonia levels within the body (Xi et al, 2022). If the rate of urate production surpasses the excretion capacity of the urinary organs, it can result in uric acidemia (Xu et al, 2023). Some studies have demonstrated that a highly protein-rich diet for goslings can lead to crystal formation and gout (An et al, 2020).…”

Impact of goose astrovirus

“…This has significantly slowed the vaccine development progress, leaving the industry vulnerable to the virus' impact. 2 Furthermore, the shortage of commercially available antibodies specific to GAstV, and antibodies for the goose species, presents another major obstacle in the research path. These antibodies are crucial for studying the virus' structure, replication mechanism and immune response in the host.…”

“…The current cell lines used for GAstV research, such as the primary goose embryonic kidney cells (GEK) and goose embryonic hepatocyte (GEH) cells, have limitations in their high production costs and limited passage times. This has significantly slowed the vaccine development progress, leaving the industry vulnerable to the virus' impact 2 …”