Infection and AIDS in Adult Macaques After Nontraumatic Oral Exposure to Cell-Free SIV

Baba, Timothy W.; Trichel, Anita; An, Li; Liška, Vladimír; Martin, Louis N.; Murphey‐Corb, Michael; Ruprecht, Ruth M.

doi:10.1126/science.272.5267.1486

Cited by 138 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…We found that the ratio of the minimal oral dose to the minimal i.v. dose (r min-adult ) was approximately 1,000 (4). In the present neonatal study, the estimated r min-neonate was at least 50,000 (Table 1), a value similar to that obtained when AID 50 values were compared (Table 2).…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

Older Rhesus Macaque Infants Are More Susceptible to Oral Infection with Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P than Neonates

Chenine

Ferrantelli

Hofmann‐Lehmann

et al. 2005

J Virol

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. Using a stock of pathogenic simianhuman immunodeficiency virus, SHIV89.6P, we compared the 50% animal infectious dose needed to achieve systemic infection after oral challenge in newborn and older infant or juvenile rhesus macaques. Unexpectedly, the older monkeys required a 150-fold-lower virus challenge dose than the neonates (P ‫؍‬ 3.3 ؋ 10 ؊5 ). In addition, at least 60,000 times more virus was needed to achieve systemic infection in neonates by the oral route than by the intravenous route (P < 1 ؋ 10 ؊5 ). Thus, route of inoculation and age are important determinants of SHIV89.6P infectivity in rhesus macaques.

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confidence: 65%

Older Rhesus Macaque Infants Are More Susceptible to Oral Infection with Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P than Neonates

Chenine

Ferrantelli

Hofmann‐Lehmann

et al. 2005

J Virol

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“…In a primate model, when the surface of macaque palatine tonsils was exposed atraumatically with cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), infected cells were first detected within the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts. 15,16 This unique anatomical compartment, the tonsil crypt epithelium, is specialized to participate in antigen sampling and immune surveillance. Structurally, the surface epithelium of the palatine and lingual tonsils is a continuation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa, but the epithelium of the crypts becomes reticulated and highly infiltrated with lymphocytes, which together with dendritic cells and M cells facilitate transepithelial access of antigens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tonsil Epithelial Factors May Influence Oropharyngeal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Moutsopoulos

Nares

Nikitakis

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Pathology

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Tonsil epithelium has been implicated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis, but its role in oral transmission remains controversial. To study characteristics of this tissue, which may influence susceptibility or resistance to HIV, we performed microarray analysis of the tonsil epithelium. Our data revealed that genes related to immune functions such as antibody production and antigen processing were increasingly expressed in tonsil compared with the epithelium of another oropharyngeal site, the gingival epithelium. Importantly, tonsil epithelium highly expressed genes associated with HIV entrapment and/or transmission, including the HIV co-receptor CXCR4 and the potential HIV-binding molecules FcR␥III, complement receptor 2, and various complement components. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the increased presence of CXCR4 in the tonsil epithelium compared with multiple oral epithelial sites, particularly in basal and parabasal layers. This increased expression of molecules involved in viral recognition , binding , and entry may favor virus-epithelium interactions in an environment with reduced innate antiviral mechanisms. Specifically , secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor , an innate molecule with anti-HIV activity , was minimal in the tonsil epithelium , in contrast to oral mucosa. Collectively , our data suggest that increased expression of molecules associated with HIV binding and entry coupled with decreased innate antiviral factors may render the tonsil a potential site for oral transmission.

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“…In 1996, Baba et al reported that the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is related to HIV, was significantly more transmissible to macaque monkeys through the oral route than through the rectal route. 17 The monkeys were infected in the absence of oral lesions; therefore, the authors suggest that the site of entry for the virus was either the stomach or the tonsils. The authors had demonstrated that inhibition of gastric acid, previously presumed to kill the virus, made no difference in transmission rates.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Counseling patients about HIV risk from oral sex

1997

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nprotected oral sex is not well recognized as a risk factor for transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus, yet as evidence of its potential risk accrues, physicians must confront the question of how to counsel patients about oral sex risk. How do health care professionals feel about broaching this topic with their patients? Can the psychological literature help physicians understand their patients' risk perceptions and motivate healthful behaviors? In this article, we review the literature on oral sex risk, discuss barriers to communicating caution to patients, and propose recommendations and specific counseling strategies based on risk perception and behavior change theory that we believe will help physicians effectively intervene in the prevention of HIV transmission. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURESince the advent of the AIDS epidemic, researchers have sought to define categories of risk for transmission of HIV in sexual behavior. Although receptive anal and vaginal intercourse have been clearly classified as the highest-risk behaviors, and kissing and masturbation as behaviors with the lowest risk, 1 the level of risk for oral sex remains a matter of debate. A variety of research methods-human and animal, epidemiologic studies and case reports, in vitro and in vivo-have yielded a growing literature addressing the question of oral sex risk. The comparative riskiness of oral sex in epidemiologic studies attempting to relate behavior to HIV seroconversion has been difficult to assess. These studies attempt the nearimpossible task of isolating specific sexual practices in research subjects, who usually engage in more than one type of risk behavior, and rely on retrospective self-report data, which can involve recall bias and responses tainted by social desirability (for commentary on problems in sexual behavior research, see R. C. Lewontin, Sex, lies and social science, The New York Review , April 20, 1995:24-9).Subsamples of subjects engaging only in oral sex are likely to be too small to provide adequate statistical power to assess the relative risk. 2,3 Some investigators have asked subjects only about oral sex practices or have lumped oral sex together with other behaviors. 4 In addition, a myriad of uncontrolled factors-dates of infection, number of oral sex events, whether or not oral cuts or abrasions were present-prevent the clear quantification of risk. Most of these epidemiologic studies have sampled homosexual or bisexual men exclusively; accordingly, even less is known about the relative risk of oral sex in the context of lesbian or heterosexual practices.Results from epidemiologic studies have generally been interpreted as evidence against oral sex risk, relative to other behaviors. 3,[5][6][7][8] These studies are based on retrospective self-report data from questionnaires or interviews about risk behaviors over a previous time period, and are also longitudinal in that they follow initially HIV-negative men and test these men over time to see whether or not they undergo seroconversion. Laboratory stud...

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Infection and AIDS in Adult Macaques After Nontraumatic Oral Exposure to Cell-Free SIV

Cited by 138 publications

References 54 publications

Older Rhesus Macaque Infants Are More Susceptible to Oral Infection with Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P than Neonates

Older Rhesus Macaque Infants Are More Susceptible to Oral Infection with Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P than Neonates

Tonsil Epithelial Factors May Influence Oropharyngeal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Counseling patients about HIV risk from oral sex

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