Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria

Shen, Shi-Shi; Qu, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Weizhe; Li, Jian; Lv, Ziquan

doi:10.1186/s40249-019-0560-6

Cited by 44 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…In addition, both HK and Kit W / Wv mice have reduced basophil numbers. Basophils have been shown in several studies to become activated in an IgE-dependent and -independent manner to various fungi (40)(41)(42). Therefore, a contribution of basophils cannot be excluded and requires further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection

et al. 2020

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Background: Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a dimorphic fungus, causes sporotrichosis. Mast cells (MCs) have been described to be involved in skin fungal infections. The role of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis remains largely unknown. Objectives: To characterize the role and relevance of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis. Methods: We analyzed cutaneous sporotrichosis in wild-type (WT) mice and two different MC-deficient strains. In vitro, MCs were assessed for S. schenckii-induced cytokine production and degranulation after incubation with S. schenckii. We also explored the role of MCs in human cutaneous sporotrichosis. Results: WT mice developed markedly larger skin lesions than MC-deficient mice (> 1.5 fold) after infection with S. schenckii, with significantly increased fungal burden. S. schenckii induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1β by MCs, but not degranulation. S. schenckii induced larger skin lesions and higher release of IL-6 and TNF by MCs as compared to the less virulent S. albicans. In patients with sporotrichosis, TNF and IL-6 were increased in skin lesions, and markedly elevated levels in the serum were linked to disease activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cutaneous MCs contribute to skin sporotrichosis by releasing cytokines such as TNF and IL-6.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it is being shown that vaccine against one pathogen can provide a long lasting immunity against another pathogen [5]. In this antagonistic phenomenon, pathogen of certain species can inhibit the infection by another one through inhibiting the invasion, survival and/or reproduction of another pathogen [9]. Different parasites are been reported to reduce the severity of viral infections, one of such example comes from Giardia which can reduce the severity and infection of rotavirus if concurrent infection takes place [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analyses revealed reduced spread of COVID-19 in malaria endemic countries

Muneer

Kumari

Tripathi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection started in Hubei province of China and now it has spread like a wildfire in almost all parts of the world except some. WHO named the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as COVID-19 (CoronaVirus Disease-2019). It is very intriguing to see a mild trend of infection in some countries which could be attributed to mitigation efforts, lockdown strategies, health infrastructure, demographics and cultural habits. However, the lower rate of infection and death rates in mostly developing countries, which are not placed at higher levels in terms of healthcare facilities, is a very surprising observation. To address this issue, we hypothesize that this lower rate of infection is majorly been observed in countries which have a higher transmission/prevalence of protozoan parasite borne disease, malaria. We compared the COVID-19 spread and malaria endemicity of 108 countries which have shown at least 200 cases of COVID-19 till 18 th April 2020. We found that the number of COVID-19 cases per million population correlates negatively with the malaria endemicity of respective countries.The malaria free countries not only have higher density of COVID-19 infections but also the higher case fatality rates as compared to highly malaria endemic countries. We also postulate that this phenomenon is due to natural immune response against malaria infection, which is providing a heterologous protection against the virus. Unfortunately, there is no licensed vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 yet, but this information will be helpful in design of future strategies against fast spreading COVID-19 disease.

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“…Such parasite exposure induced stunting of severity of viral infections is well known, for example, Giardia lamblia induced modulation of rotaviral infection, 25 and protection against Chikungunya virus by infection with Plasmodium spp 26,27 . Various immune mechanisms for such cross‐protection are hypothesized, like immunomodulation, suppression of dendritic cell responses, activation of basophils and phagocytic macrophages and modulation the complement system, among others 28 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic infections, vaccinations, and variability of SARS‐COV2 worldwide epidemiology: A cross‐sectional study

Goswami

Ganguli

Chatterjee

2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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The present article aims to analyze epidemiologic aspects of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) over different countries across the globe. While analyzing the overall spread of the disease, clusters of countries could be identified where the population-adjusted number of cases and mortality rates (MRs) were significantly different from the others. To draw a comparison over the countries at the same stage of infection, the nature and spread of the infection was evaluated at the 90th day of the pandemic for each country. It was observed that the countries with prevalent malarial transmission tended to have lesser population-adjusted COVID-19 caseloads. It was further observed that high population coverage of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination was negatively associated with populationadjusted caseloads and MRs due to COVID-19. The present cross-sectional study is an attempt to bring in several social, economic, and structural confounders into understanding of the nature and spread of this novel pandemic globally.

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Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria

Cited by 44 publications

References 133 publications

Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection

Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection

Comparative analyses revealed reduced spread of COVID-19 in malaria endemic countries

Endemic infections, vaccinations, and variability of SARS‐COV2 worldwide epidemiology: A cross‐sectional study

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