Infants' reactions to perceptual paradox during mother–infant interaction.

Broerse, Jack; Peltola, Carol; Crassini, Boris

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.19.3.310

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 13 publications

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“…In Experiment 2, we used the melodic synthesized sound paired with the puppet in Experiment 1 during both object and person interactions to balance aud auditory stimulation across conditions. The melodic sound rather than an adult's voice was selected because infants have been known to become distressed when a person's voice is presented independently from his or her face (e.g., Broerse, Peltola, & Crassini, 1983; Turnure, 1971). Finally, because there were no important age differences in Experiment 1, only 3-month-olds were tested in Experiment 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social competence and person-object differentiation: An analysis of the still-face effect.

Ellsworth

Muir²,

Hains³

1993

Developmental Psychology

109

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The communicative abilities of infants, revealed in the still-face (SF) procedure, were examined in 2 studies comparing behavior toward people and "interactive" objects. In Experiment 1, thirty-two 3-and 6-month-olds were presented with an object and a person (mother or female stranger). The SF effect was produced only by mothers and strangers. Positive affect clearly established person-object differentiation; infants smiled at people but rarely at the object. In Experiment 2, twelve 3-month-olds were presented with 4 stimuli: a female stranger and 3 objects with features varying in similarity to an abstract, smiling face. Again, infants reserved their smiles for the person. Positive affect appears to be a primary index of young infants' social-perceptual competence and personobject differentiation.Researchers suggest that the intent to communicate is present in infants by 7 or 8 months of age (e.g., Bruner, 1975;Kaye, 1982), but the degree to which the communications of younger infants are socially motivated is controversial. Advocates of the view that very young infants display intentional communication include Trevarthen (1983), Tronick (1981), Brazelton (1982, and their colleagues, who have studied behavioral synchrony between infants and adults. They report that infants adjust their behavior in response to different types of adult stimulation. For example, Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, and Brazelton (1978) asked mothers to distort the feedback they normally provided to their 1-to 4-month-olds by shifting from an active, face-to-face interaction to a silent, expressionless pose. The general procedure consists of the following three brief periods: (a) the mother stimulates the baby in a playful, social manner (e.g., contingently smiling and vocalizing); (b) the mother poses a still face (SF) with a neutral expression; and (c) the mother interacts normally again. Infants' apparent distress (e.g., loss of positive affect and attention) during the SF period led researchers to conclude that very young babies are sensitive to changes in maternal behavior, especially facial expressions; after attempting to engage their mothers in a communicative exchange, infants stopped smiling and turned away

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social competence and person-object differentiation: An analysis of the still-face effect.

Ellsworth

Muir²,

Hains³

1993

Developmental Psychology

109

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Visual Recognition of Mother by Young Infants: Facilitation by Speech

Burnham

1993

Perception

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Infants recognise their mother's voice at birth but appear not to recognise visual-only presentations of her face until around 3 months. In a series of experiments visual discrimination by infants aged 1, 3, and 5 months of their mother's and a female stranger's face was investigated in visual-only and visual-plus-speech conditions. In the first experiment these infants' discrimination of mother's and female stranger's faces was measured by their visual-fixation-preference scores. Discrimination was found to be facilitated by the addition of speech information. In experiment 2 naive adults viewed silent videotapes of infants from experiment 1 and judged whether the mother had been presented on the infants' left or right. This added further information to the fixation-preference results of experiment 1: it was found that 1-month-olds discriminate mother's and stranger's face only in the presence of speech information, whereas 3-month-olds also do so in visual-only conditions. In experiments 3 and 4 the relative salience of lip movements and voice information in visual recognition of mother's face was investigated. In experiment 3, no significant differences in infants' visual-fixation-preference scores were obtained. However, in experiment 4 adults' 'where is mother?' judgments of video-tapes from experiment 3 were found to be more accurate in the voice than in the lip-movements conditions, especially for the 3-month-olds and more accurate when mother rather than stranger was talking. It is concluded that young infants' visual recognition of mother is facilitated by addition of speech information, that it is primarily the voice component of speech that causes this facilitation, and that social discrimination is best indexed by a dependent variable which is sensitive to a range of facial cues provided by infants.

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Infants' reactions to perceptual paradox during mother–infant interaction.

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

Social competence and person-object differentiation: An analysis of the still-face effect.

Social competence and person-object differentiation: An analysis of the still-face effect.

Visual Recognition of Mother by Young Infants: Facilitation by Speech

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