Infant responses to approaching objects: An indicator of response to distal variables

Bower, T. G. R.; Broughton, J.; Moore, Molly

doi:10.3758/bf03212627

Cited by 129 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…It is some time since Yonas (Yonas & Pick, 1975) first announced that the defensive responses to approaching objects reported by Bower, Broughton, and Moore (1971) and Ball and Tronick (1971) were in fact postural changes produced by tracking of the top contour of a display. The claim at the time was intriguing enough that I was moved to have some control experiments performed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has always seemed to me the best explanation for the delay in visual placing (Walters & Walk, Note 1). Bower et al (1971) and Ball and Tronick (1971) did not have parents holding the babies. Ball and Tronick did have some support, presumably purely to prevent lateral movement, since the babies were on a baby seat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, if we compare their results with others who did not hold the babies, the effect becomes clearer. Bower et al (1971) found violent upset when an object approached a baby on a hit path. Ball and Tronick (1971) found "stiffening" during hits but not during misses.…”

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Comment on Yonas et ai. “Development of sensitivity to information for impending collision”

Bower

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

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Comment on Yonas et ai. “Development of sensitivity to information for impending collision”

Bower

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…In addition, motion perspective specifies the rate of approach of an object, time to collision with an object, and path of approach of an object relative to a stationary organism. Gibson (1958) has argued that such information is of crucial importance in the behavioral ecology of an organism since it provides the animal with a basis for capturing food, avoiding a predator, and locomoting around obstacles.Many investigators (Ball & Tronick, 1971;Bower, Broughton, & Moore, 1971 ; Schiff, 1965; rronick, 1967) have demonstrated that optical information which specifies a looming object is used by human infants, chicks, rhesus infants, frogs, and crabs to avoid impending collision. The pickup of this information is specific enough to allow these animals to distinguish between a receding object, an approaching object on a collision course, and an approaching object on a noncollision course.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Many investigators (Ball & Tronick, 1971;Bower, Broughton, & Moore, 1971 ;Schiff, 1965;rronick, 1967) have demonstrated that optical information which specifies a looming object is used by human infants, chicks, rhesus infants, frogs, and crabs to avoid impending collision. The pickup of this information is specific enough to allow these animals to distinguish between a receding object, an approaching object on a collision course, and an approaching object on a noncollision course.…”

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Failure to avoid impending collision by the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Rosinski

Keselica

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Three experimental situations were used to assess the ability of the golden hamster to avoid collision with an approaching object. In all three situations (one optical loom and two real looms), the animals did not avoid the looming stimulus. Any responses that were made would not have resulted in successful avoidance of an approaching object. The golden hamster lacks the ability to avoid optically specified impending collision.The perception of impending collision and the ability to avoid a rapidly approaching object is of clear survival value to an organism. Perception of imminent collision is possible on the basis of optical changes that are projected to the eye of an organism. Gibson, Olum, and Rosenblatt (1955) have shown that the patterns of angular velocities (motion perspective) visually available to · a moving organism potentially specify the distance of a point from the organism and the velocity of the observer. In addition, motion perspective specifies the rate of approach of an object, time to collision with an object, and path of approach of an object relative to a stationary organism. Gibson (1958) has argued that such information is of crucial importance in the behavioral ecology of an organism since it provides the animal with a basis for capturing food, avoiding a predator, and locomoting around obstacles.Many investigators (Ball & Tronick, 1971;Bower, Broughton, & Moore, 1971 ; Schiff, 1965; rronick, 1967) have demonstrated that optical information which specifies a looming object is used by human infants, chicks, rhesus infants, frogs, and crabs to avoid impending collision. The pickup of this information is specific enough to allow these animals to distinguish between a receding object, an approaching object on a collision course, and an approaching object on a noncollision course. Since in the normal ecology of the animal, these events may signify an attacking predator, the ability to pick up visual information for collision and respond appropriately may have greater biological significance. Furthermore, the ability to avoid imminent collision is so important that it is apparently little Alexander W. Siegel sponsors this paper and takes full editorial responsibility for it. 53affected by specific experience . For example, Bower, Broughton, and Moore (1971) found that 6-day-old human neonates showed a pronounced avoidance response to looming. Hein, Gower, and Diamond (1970) found that kittens deprived of visual experience by being reared in diffuse light for 4 weeks showed triggered extension of the forepaws to impending collision with a surface. And, Schiff, Caviness, and Gibson (1962) found that avoidance responses to optically specified collision did not habituate over repeated presentations. METHOD Eight adult male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)were used as subjects in three different situations to determine the loom avoidance ability of the animals. Schiff (Note 1) has suggested that loom avoidance behavior may depend in part on the amount or kind of stimulus infonnation pro...

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Effects of rearing conditions on early visual development in common marmosets

Izumi

Tsuchida

Yamaguchi

2011

Developmental Psychobiology

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Early development of visual behavior was examined in hand-reared (HR) and parentally reared (PR) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). On the day of birth, most of the marmosets exhibited sensitivity to light and sound: they closed their eyes in response to light and oriented to the sound sources. The behavior of tracking moving visual stimuli was exhibited at around 10 days postnatally in PR marmosets, but the onset of this behavior was delayed to the age of 16 days in HR marmosets. The delay occurred possibly because of the poor input of optical flow under the HR environment. The onset age of head-cocking was about 2 weeks in both groups of marmosets, and the HR marmosets began head-cocking and visual tracking simultaneously. Both groups of marmosets exhibited sensitivity to optical approach at the age of around 30 days: the age to wean and increase independent locomotion. The results suggested that the onset of motion perception preceded detailed shape and depth perception in marmosets, and the developmental sequence in marmosets was similar to those in humans and macaque monkeys. Marmosets appear to be useful animal models to examine environmental effects on early visual development.

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Infant responses to approaching objects: An indicator of response to distal variables

Cited by 129 publications

References 3 publications

Comment on Yonas et ai. “Development of sensitivity to information for impending collision”

Comment on Yonas et ai. “Development of sensitivity to information for impending collision”

Failure to avoid impending collision by the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Effects of rearing conditions on early visual development in common marmosets

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