Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months.

Toda, Sueko; Fogel, Alan

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.532

Cited by 176 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As young as 2-months of age, infants avert their gaze, smile less, and self-comfort when they encounter a suddenly still faced partner who had been communicating with them (Cohn & Tronick, 1987;Field, Vega-Lahr, Goldstein, & Scafidi, 1986;Toda & Fogel, 1993). Such findings index infants' rudimentary expectations about the nature of face to face interactions with people (see also Gusella, Muir, & Tronick, 1988;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sensitivity to the context of facial expression in the still face at 3-, 6-, and 9-months of age

Striano¹,

Liszkowski²

2005

Infant Behavior and Development

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Thirty-eight 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants interacted in a face to face situation with a female stranger who disrupted the on-going interaction with 30 s Happy and Neutral still face episodes. Three-and 6-month-olds manifested a robust still face response for gazing and smiling. For smiling, 9-month-olds manifested a floor effect such that no still face effect could be shown. For gazing, 9-month-olds' still face response was modulated by the context of interaction such that it was less pronounced if a happy still face was presented first. The findings point to a developmental transition by the end of the first year, whereby infants' still face response becomes increasingly influenced by the context of social interaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sensitivity to the context of facial expression in the still face at 3-, 6-, and 9-months of age

Striano¹,

Liszkowski²

2005

Infant Behavior and Development

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“…With the exception of an increase in self-regulatory behaviors (e.g., gazing away, directed hand movements, thumb sucking), no age-related changes in normative responses to the still-face interaction from 3 to 6 months have been found (Gusella et al, 1988;Shapiro et al, 1998;Toda & Fogel, 1993). Given that socialemotional development undergoes rapid change during this age period and that infants' expressions of positive emotion and responsiveness during mother-infant interactions increase (Cohn & Tronick, 1987;Kaye & Fogel, 1980), it may be that increases in self-regulatory behaviors are responsible for maintaining consistent rates of affect in the still-face interaction.…”

Section: Developmental Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because anger and sadness expressions are difficult to distinguish in infancy (Camras, 1992), it is possible that combining the two expressions in this study would have resulted in greater stability in the rate of negative responses. Toda and Fogel (1993) found instability in both positive and negative responses. In both studies, small sample sizes may have attenuated stability coefficients.…”

Section: Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In prior work, variation has been considered in terms of age-related change (Gusella, Muir, & Tronick, 1988;Shapiro et al, 1998;Toda & Fogel, 1993), the impact of maternal depression (Field, 1984), and individual differences (Shapiro et al, 1998;Toda & Fogel, 1993). Data regarding the predictive validity of infant affective responses to the still-face interaction are limited to relations with 12-month attachment behaviors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months.

Moore

Cohn

Campbell

2001

Developmental Psychology

151

134

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This study investigated (a) stability and change in infant affective responses to the still-face interaction, (b) whether maternal depression affected infant responses, and (c) whether responses to the still-face interaction predicted toddler problem behaviors. Infants (63 girls and 66 boys) of European American mothers (67 depressed and 62 nondepressed) were observed in the still-face interaction at 2, 4, and 6 months. Affect and gaze were coded on a 1-s time base. There were stable individual differences in gazing away and in rates of negative affect. Developmental change occurred only for gazing away, which increased. At 18 months, infants who failed to smile at 6 months in the still-face interaction showed more externalizing-type behaviors than did other toddlers. Infants who failed to cry at 6 months showed fewer internalizing-type behaviors. Mothers' current depressive symptoms and infants' earlier responses to the still-face interaction made independent, comparable contributions to problem behaviors at 18 months.

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“…Infants catch onto the structure of proto-conversations quickly. By three to four months they notice disturbances to the contingency of their caregivers' response and, in reaction, change the rate and quality of their vocalizations (Bloom, 1988;Masataka, 1993;Toda & Fogel, 1993).…”

Section: Turn Taking In Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of children’s ability to track and predict turn structure in conversation

Casillas

Frank²

2017

Journal of Memory and Language

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a b s t r a c tChildren begin developing turn-taking skills in infancy but take several years to fluidly integrate their growing knowledge of language into their turn-taking behavior. In two eye-tracking experiments, we measured children's anticipatory gaze to upcoming responders while controlling linguistic cues to turn structure. In Experiment 1, we showed English and non-English conversations to English-speaking adults and children. In Experiment 2, we phonetically controlled lexicosyntactic and prosodic cues in English-only speech. Children spontaneously made anticipatory gaze switches by age two and continued improving through age six. In both experiments, children and adults made more anticipatory switches after hearing questions. Consistent with prior findings on adult turn prediction, prosodic information alone did not increase children's anticipatory gaze shifts. But, unlike prior work with adults, lexical information alone was not sufficient either-children's performance was best overall with lexicosyntax and prosody together. Our findings support an account in which turn tracking and turn prediction emerge in infancy and then gradually become integrated with children's online linguistic processing.

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Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months.

Cited by 176 publications

References 26 publications

Sensitivity to the context of facial expression in the still face at 3-, 6-, and 9-months of age

Sensitivity to the context of facial expression in the still face at 3-, 6-, and 9-months of age

Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months.

The development of children’s ability to track and predict turn structure in conversation

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