Infant astigmatism: Its disappearance with age

Atkinson, Janette; Braddick, Oliver; French, Jennifer C.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(80)90070-x

Cited by 145 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These results are better than most previous longterm reports on prematurely born children, which have shown higher frequencies of refractive errors both in myopic and hypermetropic directions (Fledelius 1996b;Larsson et al 2003;Nissenkorn et al 1983;Quinn et al 1992). The frequency of clinically significant astigmatism (21%) was clearly higher than among children born at term (4-9%) (Atkinson et al 1980), but similar to the figure reported on 10-year-old Swedish children with BW <1500 g (Larsson et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Haugen

Nepstad

Standal

et al. 2010

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: Progress in neonatal care has caused an increased survival of children born extremely preterm. The aims of this study were to examine the long-term visual function and ocular development in an unselected cohort of extremely preterm infants and relate the results to neonatal morbidity and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods: All children with gestational age of 22-27 completed weeks or birth weight of 500-999 g born in the years 1999-2000 in two counties of Western Norway (n = 52) were invited to an eye examination that included visual acuity, refractive error, binocular function, accommodative amplitude and fundus examination. Cognitive function was assessed with the WPSSI-R test and motor abilities with the ABC movement test. Results: Neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcome were known for all, while 37 of the 52 children underwent the eye examination. None were blind or visually impaired, but 46% had subnormal visual acuity (logMAR ‡0.1). Ninety per cent were emmetropic or slightly hypermetropic (0 to +3D), while 10% had manifest and 51% latent strabismus. Performance IQ on the WPSSI-R test and ABC total score were associated with best visual acuity (p = 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively). In a multiple linear regression model, visual acuity in the best eye was significantly associated with performance IQ (p = 0.03) and ABC total score (p = 0.02). Conclusion: This study suggests a more favourable long-term prognosis on important ocular and visual parameters in survivors of extreme prematurity than expected from similar reports on children born less prematurely and that performance IQ and motor function are related to visual acuity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Haugen

Nepstad

Standal

et al. 2010

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…Several studies have pointed out the large variability of refraction during the first years of life (Atkinson et al 1980;Abrahamsson et al 1986Abrahamsson et al , 1990Brown 1938;Gordon & Donzis 1985;Gwiazda et al 1984;Sorsby & Leary 1970). This variability makes it hard to determine limits for abnormal refraction during childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since untreated constant strabismus in childhood very often leads to amblyopia early detection and treatment are considered essential (Wilson et al 1993;Parks 1974;Neuman et al 1987). There are also indications that preventive treatment with spectacles can forestall the development of strabismus (Atkinson et al 1980(Atkinson et al , 1987, although this is not undisputed (Ingram et al 1985). Other positive effects of early spectacle treatment is that the progress of an intermittent deviation of the eyes into a constant strabismus, that may need surgical intervention, may be interrupted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

Abrahamsson¹,

Magnusson²,

Sjöstrand³

1999

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: In the Nordic countries 2 to 4% of the population squint or have been squinting. Since strabismus is one of the major causes of amblyopia early detection and treatment is important for preventing this development. For centuries it has been recognized that strabismus is hereditary. Identifying individuals with a family history of squinting could give access to a risk population for a selective screening. Methods and results: 1571 children were selected for this study. All children that took part in a voluntary eye examination at one year of age (born 1978-1983) in the city of Västerås, Sweden and that had a family history of strabismus were selected together with controls. The study was a 6-year follow-up from 1 to 7 years of age. Parental knowledge of squint among relatives and measured high hyperopia (±3.0 D) present at 1 year of age were each and in combination evaluated as a risk indicator for development of strabismus between 1 to 7 years of age. Conclusion:The study indicates that a family history of squint in combination with measured high hyperopia can be used in a selective screening to identify a population with an increased risk of 4 to 6 times for developing strabismus. Among the children with parental knowledge of squint among several relatives of both the parents, those with high hyperopia developed strabismus in almost every second case while this was the case in only approximately 10% of those with low hyperopia. Finally, heredity is an important risk indicator that can be used for selective screening purpose. Its potential as a risk indicator is substantially increased when combined with a high hyperopia.

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“…Generally, studies have shown that in the first months of life, infants exhibit a high prevalence of significant degrees of astigmatism, 21-30 which appears to be corneal in origin. 24,27,29 The cornea of newborns is steep and exhibits large degrees of astigmatism.…”

Section: Astigmatism In Early Life (Infancy and Early Childhood)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis

Read

Collins

Carney

2007

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

220

205

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Astigmatism is a refractive condition encountered commonly in clinical practice. This review presents an overview of research that has been carried out examining various aspects of this refractive error. We examine the components of astigmatism and the research into the prevalence and natural course of astigmatic refractive errors throughout life. The prevalence of astigmatism in various ethnic groups and diseases and syndromes is also discussed. We highlight the extensive investigations that have been conducted into the possible aetiology of astigmatism, however, no single model or theory of the development of astigmatism has been proven conclusively. Theories of the development of astigmatism based on genetics, extraocular muscle tension, visual feedback and eyelid pressure are considered. Observations and evidence from the literature supporting and contradicting these hypotheses are presented. Recent advances in technology such as wavefront sensors and videokeratoscopes have led to an increased understanding of ocular astigmatism and with continued improvements in technology, our knowledge of astigmatism and its genesis should continue to grow.

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Infant astigmatism: Its disappearance with age

Cited by 145 publications

References 7 publications

Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis

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