The basic approach, instrumentation, sample require ments, and principles of interpretation for the photoelectron spectroscopy of organometallic molecules are briefly described. The ionization information is directly related to the formal oxidation states and d electron counts of the metals, the actual effective metal charges and charge potentials, the electronic symmetry around the metal centers, and the individual σ, π, etc. bonding capabilities of ligands and metal fragments. This technique contributes to a level of experimental characterization of organometallic mole cules, beyond the usual three-dimensional structure description, that is essential for interpretation of many physical and chemical properties. Application of the technique is illustrated with examples in which the individual bonding capabilities of several different ligands with a common metal fragment are compared, and in which the bonding of different metal fragments with a common ligand are compared.The present level of understanding of organometallic chemistry and catalysis is rooted in the detail and breadth of characterization that is possible for organometallic molecules. An important key to this knowledge is provided by characterization of the structural arrangement of atoms in the molecule by crystal structure determina tions or other techniques. However, the understanding of the proper ties and behavior of a molecule, and the ability to extend this understanding to new systems, requires knowledge of more than just the particular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. A further, taore detailed step in characterization of a molecule is to obtain information on the electronic structure in terms of electron dis tributions, bonding, and stability. The characters of the bonds, lone pairs, regions of charge build-up and depletion, local dipoles, electronic perturbation effects, etc. define the physical and dynamic properties of the molecule and its reactions with its environment. Full characterization of a molecule must include its electronic structural features in addition to the molecular structure. The principles and models of organometallic bonding are some of the most 1 Current address: