Inert Gases in Metals

Blackburn, Richard S.

doi:10.1179/mtlr.1966.11.1.159

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…As mentioned above, all heavy elements, however, do not necessarily behave similarly. Heavy noble gases, indeed, are more likely to form compounds (Hyman (1964) Blackburn (1966) Wilson and Militzer (2010)), suggesting that species like neon, acting like helium, and argon, have a different behaviour in the H + /He mixture.…”

Section: Jupitermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a scenario has further theoretical support. First, noble gases have been known to be almost insoluble in metals since the end of the 19th century (Ramsay and Travers (1897) or Blackburn (1966) for a review, and Wilson and Militzer (2010) for the case of neon and argon). On the other hand, at high pressure, hydrogen can form complex polyhydrides molecules very efficiently, with many different atoms (sulfur, lithium, sodium, iron, ...; see e.g.…”

Section: Upward Atomic Motionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Models of Jupiter in the Context of Juno and Galileo

Debras

Chabrier

2019

ApJ

169

197

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Observations of Jupiter's gravity field by Juno have revealed surprisingly small values for the high order gravitational moments, considering the abundances of heavy elements measured by Galileo 20 years ago. The derivation of recent equations of state for hydrogen and helium, much denser in the Mbar region, worsen the conflict between these two observations. In order to circumvent this puzzle, current Jupiter model studies either ignore the constraint from Galileo or invoke an ad hoc modification of the equations of state. In this paper, we derive Jupiter models which satisfy both Juno and Galileo constraints. We confirm that Jupiter's structure must encompass at least four different regions: an outer convective envelope, a region of compositional, thus entropy change, an inner convective envelope and an extended diluted core enriched in heavy elements, and potentially a central compact core. We show that, in order to reproduce Juno and Galileo observations, one needs a significant entropy increase between the outer and inner envelopes and a smaller density than for an isentropic profile, associated with some external differential rotation. The best way to fulfill this latter condition is an inward decreasing abundance of heavy elements in this region. We examine in details the three physical mechanisms able to yield such a change of entropy and composition: a first order molecular-metallic hydrogen transition, immiscibility between hydrogen and helium or a region of layered convection. Given our present knowledge of hydrogen pressure ionization, combination of the two latter mechanisms seems to be the most favoured solution.

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Section: Jupitermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Upward Atomic Motionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Models of Jupiter in the Context of Juno and Galileo

Debras

Chabrier

2019

ApJ

169

197

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“…+ High helium contents can be generated uniformly in bulk specimens in reasonable periods. + The 'tritium trick' has been used by different workers [35,36] to study basic properties of helium (Section 4) in a defect-free lattice.…”

Section: Other Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of helium on the bulk properties of fusion reactor structural materials

Ullmaier¹

1984

Nucl. Fusion

371

115

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Radiation-induced deterioration of fission reactor materials is dominated by displacement damage. In fusion reactors, the influence of (n,a) produced helium upon material deterioration is regarded to be of equal importance because of the high nuclear reaction rate caused by the high-energy fusion neutrons. In this review, the mechanisms and the anticipated rates of helium generation in fusion materials are discussed; helium introduction techniques simulating fusion conditions are reviewed in some detail and the atomistic behaviour of helium in metals as well as the nucleation and growth of helium bubbles are briefly surveyed. These phenomena are the main cause for the influence of helium on macroscopic material properties such as tensile strength, creep and fatigue behaviour and swelling. Typical examples of experimental results of material deterioration and first attempts at their theoretical modelling are given in the main part of the review. It is shown that helium effects can be the determining factor for the lifetime of fusion reactor components, particularly at high temperatures. The review concludes with an outlook on future investigations of helium effects and a call for a systematic approach in the development of helium-resistant alloys.

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“…Most of the 3 He in the metal tritide film accumulates into high-pressure helium bubbles while a small quantity, <1%, escapes from the film [1][2][3]. Helium bubbles can also be induced in metals by direct implantation of helium and via nuclear reactions [4]. In most cases, the formation, growth, and evolution of helium bubbles is impacted by the material's shear strength, surface energy [5], defects [6], dislocations [1,7,8], and grain boundaries [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing effects on microstructure in Er and ErD2 thin-films

Parish

Snow

Kammler

et al. 2010

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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a b s t r a c tErbium metal thin-films have been deposited on molybdenum-on-silicon substrates and then converted to erbium dideuteride (ErD 2 ). Here, we study the effects of deposition temperature (%300 or 723 K) and deposition rate (1 or 20 nm/s) upon the initial Er metal microstructure and subsequent ErD 2 microstructure. We find that low deposition temperature and low deposition rate lead to small Er metal grain sizes, and high deposition temperature and deposition rate led to larger Er metal grain sizes, consistent with published models of metal thin-film growth. ErD 2 grain sizes are strongly influenced by the prior-metal grain size, with small metal grains leading to large ErD 2 grains. A novel sample preparation technique for electron backscatter diffraction of air-sensitive ErD 2 was developed, and allowed the quantitative measurement of ErD 2 grain size and crystallographic texture. Finer-grained ErD 2 showed a strong (1 1 1) fiber texture, whereas larger grained ErD 2 had only weak texture. We hypothesize that this inverse correlation may arise from improved hydrogen diffusion kinetics in the more defective fine-grained metal structure or due to improved nucleation in the textured large-grain Er.

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Inert Gases in Metals

Cited by 14 publications

References 89 publications

New Models of Jupiter in the Context of Juno and Galileo

New Models of Jupiter in the Context of Juno and Galileo

The influence of helium on the bulk properties of fusion reactor structural materials

Processing effects on microstructure in Er and ErD2 thin-films

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