Inequities in Anticipatory Stress of Police Brutality and Depressed Mood Among Women

Alang, Sirry; Haile, Rahwa; Mitsdarffer, Mary Louise; VanHook, Cortney

doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01390-8

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Sleep health may be adversely affected through several of the mechanisms identified in this literature. Officer-involved killings may diminish expectations about future well-being and longevity, induce hypervigilance, and increase stress including posttraumatic stress disorder, many of which have been associated with poor sleep . Exposure to police killings of unarmed Black people may be viewed as particularly unjust manifestations of structural racism …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Officer-involved killings may diminish expectations about future well-being and longevity, induce hypervigilance, and increase stress including posttraumatic stress disorder, many of which have been associated with poor sleep. 24,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Exposure to police killings of unarmed Black people may be viewed as particularly unjust manifestations of structural racism. 23,24,27 Nevertheless, the extent to which unequal exposure to policing may contribute to racial disparities in sleep health remains unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Venkataramani,

Bair,

Bor

et al. 2024

JAMA Intern Med

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ImportanceRacial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism.ObjectiveTo assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsTwo distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023.ExposuresOccurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent’s residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (&lt;7 hours), and very short sleep (&lt;6 hours).ResultsData from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep.Conclusions and RelevanceSleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Venkataramani,

Bair,

Bor

et al. 2024

JAMA Intern Med

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Perceptions of police as a moderator between negative experiences and mental health symptoms

Algrim,

Keita,

Herbert

et al. 2024

Journal Community Psychology

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Negative experiences with police present serious risks for mental health. However, interpretation plays a meaningful and little understood role in the effects of those experiences. This study expands on previous work exploring coping responses to negative police experiences and investigates the relation between negative experiences with police and mental health outcomes. Participants (N = 198) were from a diverse sample of young adults at a minority‐serving institution. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and Middle Eastern/North African participants reported significantly more negative police experiences than White and Asian/Asian American participants. Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx also showed more negative perceptions of police. Negative police experiences were positively related to depression but not posttraumatic stress symptoms. There were also meaningful interactive effects between negative experiences and perceptions of police on levels of posttraumatic stress and depression, suggesting negative perceptions of police may buffer negative effects of negative police experiences. Our findings point to the importance of addressing negative encounters with police as mental health stressors, as well as effects of crucial differences in perceptions of police by race. This research contributes to a growing understanding of the complex nature and effects of experiences with police on mental health.

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Cumulative Police Exposures, Police Violence Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: A Focus on Black LGBQ Youth in Baltimore City, Maryland

Jackson,

Fix,

Testa

et al. 2024

J Urban Health

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The present study investigates associations between cumulative police exposures, police violence stress, and depressive symptoms among Black youth, and whether LGBQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer) identities moderate these associations. Data come from the Survey of Police-Adolescent Contact Experiences (SPACE), a cross-sectional survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12-21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 345), administered from August 2022 to July 2023. We used multivariable ordinary least squares regression to estimate direct associations and product-term analysis to test for effect modi cation by sexual identities. We also calculate covariate-adjusted predicted depressive symptoms scores by cumulative police exposures and police violence stress across sexual identities.Findings indicate that LGBQ youth collectively reported higher levels of police violence stress than heterosexual youth. Still, LGBQ youth varied in their cumulative police exposures, which were signi cantly higher among bisexual and queer youth than lesbian or gay youth. Associations between cumulative police exposures, police violence stress, and depressive symptoms were signi cantly moderated by LGBQ identity, with the strongest associations emerging for bisexual and queer youth. Police exposures and police violence stress also compounded to worsen depressive symptoms among the subsample of LGBQ youth. Collectively, our ndings suggest that LGBQ youth-especially bisexual and queer youth-may be particularly vulnerable to the mental health harms of cumulative police exposures and police violence stress. Intersectional, public health approaches that combine prevention and treatment strategies are needed to mitigate LGBQ mental health inequities stemming from cumulative police exposures and police violence stress.

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Inequities in Anticipatory Stress of Police Brutality and Depressed Mood Among Women

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Perceptions of police as a moderator between negative experiences and mental health symptoms

Cumulative Police Exposures, Police Violence Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: A Focus on Black LGBQ Youth in Baltimore City, Maryland

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