Inequality in water supply in India: an assessment using the Gini and Theil indices

Malakar, Krishna; Mishra, Trupti; Patwardhan, Anand

doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9913-0

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The aforementioned papers highlight that a significant indicator of water distribution is required in order to ensure equity, its measurement enables adequate decision making on which policy to apply, since, without a scientific method of measurement, water usage may always be subject to manipulation. Other studies show that there is a disparity in water supply among different cities and households, which could be due to infrastructural limits, policies, or access to natural water resources [27]. The examination of existing inequality can contribute substantially to understanding the current scenario and to plan policy interventions for a better and more equitable future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Morales-Novelo

Rodríguez-Tapia

Revollo-Fernández

2018

Water

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Economic and population growth in Mexico City (CDMX) is the main cause of an increase in water demand against a naturally limited endowment, which increases the gap between water demand and supply. In a water scarcity environment, households are facing pressure to maintain their involvement in the city's only operating body, the Water System of Mexico City (SACMEX) total supply. The objective of this work is to measure the inequality in the distribution of drinking water and water subsidies between households connected to the public network of CDMX in order to generate objective indicators of the phenomenon. Having such information provides a baseline scenario of the problem and allows for the delineation of a policy covering the minimum levels of well-being in the supply of drinking water that is appropriate for the most important city in the country. The method consists of measuring inequality through continuous variables estimating the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, the targeting coefficient and elasticity in water consumption and in water subsidies among households in CDMX. Data comes from a household survey carried out in 2011, Consumption Habits, Service and Quality of Water by Household in Mexico City (EHCSCA). Results show that drinking water and subsidies present a regressive distribution, benefit high-income households and, to a lesser degree, the poorest households in the city and highlight the urgency and importance for SACMEX to redefine its policy on water distribution, fees and subsidies. The present study's scope can contribute to the monitoring of the distribution of drinking water and of subsidies among household groups. The study justifies that the indicators employed in this work can be used and are recommended as a valuable tool in water management, especially in a dynamic environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Morales-Novelo

Rodríguez-Tapia

Revollo-Fernández

2018

Water

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“…(1) Judgment of fairness of initial allocation For the Gini coefficient, a value of 0.4 is used internationally as an alert value to judge the fairness of distribution. If the Gini coefficient is less than or equal to 0.4, then the distribution is fair; otherwise, it is unequal [53][54][55]. The alert value can be adjusted for different requirements of the total amount allocation.…”

Section: Adjustment Process Of Initial Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Environmental Gini Coefficient for Allocation of Regional Flood Drainage Rights

Zhang

Shen

Liu

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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To solve the flood drainage conflict among different regions of the water basin when the flood occurs, it is of great significance to study the allocation of flood drainage rights. The allocation of flood drainage rights requires flood management departments to consider the influences of socioeconomic differences among different regions on flood control operations to realize sustainable development. Under the pattern of the total amount allocation of “watershed–administrative regions”, the evaluation index system of flood drainage rights allocation incorporated four aspects: natural conditions, level of social development, level of economic development, and technology and management. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to calculate the weight coefficient of each allocation index and the initial distribution’s proportion of the total amount in each region. Land area, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and sewage treatment capacity were selected as the evaluation indexes of the environmental Gini coefficient, and the environmental Gini coefficient method was used to evaluate and adjust the initial allocation of each region. Taking the allocation of flood drainage rights in the Taihu Basin as a case study, the final allocation results were obtained after initial allocation and feedback optimization. By evaluating the environmental Gini coefficient of each evaluation index, it is concluded that the final allocation could meet the requirements of fair allocation in each administrative region and be effectively implemented. Optimal allocation of the flood drainage rights in the Taihu Basin can contribute to overall flood control management, the reduction of flood disasters, and the stable development of society in the basin.

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“…They have found that countries facing water inequalities increase the likelihood of water conflicts [8]. Studies have addressed inequality in water supply and water use at the prefecture [9], basin [7,10], and national level [11,12]. Researchers have developed a multi-criteria decision tool [13] and a multi-objective model [14] to mitigate the problem of water allocation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Temporal and Spatial Inequality of Water Footprint Based on Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors in Jilin Province, China

Qin

2019

Water

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Freshwater resources are limited and uneven in their spatiotemporal distribution, and substantial increases in water demand from rapidly developing economies and concentrated populations place pressure on the available water. Research on the inequality of water footprint (WF) could provide countermeasures for the rational use and allocation of water resources. We evaluated the temporal and spatial inequality of WF using the Gini coefficient and imbalance index based on socioeconomic and environmental factors in Jilin Province. The results showed that from 2008 to 2015, the overall inequality of WF in Jilin Province was “relative equality”, and the inequalities between the WF and population, cultivated area were “high equality”; between the WF and gross domestic product (GDP) was “relative equality”; and between the WF and natural water endowment was “high inequality”. With respect to space, the differences of WF inequality were significant. In the west, the WF inequality changed greatly, from “relative equality” to “relative inequality” driven by population, GDP, cultivated area, and natural water endowment. In the middle, the WF inequality showed large internal differences with “high inequality” or “high equality” caused by GDP and natural water endowment. In the east, the WF inequality was relatively stable, at “high equality” or “neutral” affected by natural water endowment and population. The varied impact factors reflected the differences in natural resources and socioeconomic conditions in the various regions, and the results might provide a theoretical basis for guiding the rational allocation of water resources.

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Inequality in water supply in India: an assessment using the Gini and Theil indices

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Use of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Environmental Gini Coefficient for Allocation of Regional Flood Drainage Rights

Assessing Temporal and Spatial Inequality of Water Footprint Based on Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors in Jilin Province, China

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