Inequality in the Rewards for Holding up Half the Sky: Gender Wage Gaps in China's Urban Labour Market, 1988-1994

Maurer‐Fazio, Margaret; Rawski, Thomas G.; Zhang, Wei

doi:10.2307/2667587

Cited by 94 publications

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“…Surprisingly, the gender pay gap was smallest in some parts of the urban collective sector-where women sometimes earned more than men-grew larger in the state sector, and was largest of all in foreign and privately owned enterprises. The study concludes that gendered wage differences are substantially the result of the concentration of women workers in low-wage industries, and that growing wage variability in the Chinese economy is apt to make the gap increase (Maurer-Fazio, Rawski, and Zhang 1999). Furthermore, in the 1990s and beyond, in response to management pressure, women retired at earlier ages and higher rates than men.…”

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“…Furthermore, in the 1990s and beyond, in response to management pressure, women retired at earlier ages and higher rates than men. They were also were laid off (xiagang) in higher numbers, comprising almost 40 percent of the urban work force but more than 60 percent of laid-off urban workers (Maurer-Fazio, Rawski, and Zhang 1999;Bian, Logan, and Shu 2000; Z. Wang 2003). Since laid-off women are still considered employees, but receive dramatically reduced wages, this too accentuates the wage gap (Maurer-Fazio, Rawski, and Zhang 1999; see also Bian, Logan, and Shu 2000).…”

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“…They were also were laid off (xiagang) in higher numbers, comprising almost 40 percent of the urban work force but more than 60 percent of laid-off urban workers (Maurer-Fazio, Rawski, and Zhang 1999;Bian, Logan, and Shu 2000; Z. Wang 2003). Since laid-off women are still considered employees, but receive dramatically reduced wages, this too accentuates the wage gap (Maurer-Fazio, Rawski, and Zhang 1999; see also Bian, Logan, and Shu 2000). This study is partially disputed by William Parish and Sarah Busse (2000), who draw generally more optimistic conclusions, but others (see, for example, X. Huang 1999;Milwertz 1997;Jacka 1990; Y. Jiang 2004) point to increased labor market stratification, both between men and women and among women (married vs. unmarried, migrant vs. local).…”

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Women in China's Long Twentieth Century

Hershatter¹

2007

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Description:This indispensable guide for students of both Chinese and women's history synthesizes recent research on women in twentieth-century China. Written by a leading historian of modern China, it surveys more than 650 scholarly works, discussing Chinese women in the context of marriage, family, sexuality, labor, and national modernity. In the process, Hershatter offers keen analytic insights and judgments about the works themselves and the evolution of related academic fields. The result is both a practical bibliographic tool and a thoughtful reflection on how we approach the past. Author:Gail Hershatter is Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Humanities Research at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Among her books is Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. Review:"An important and much-needed introduction to a rich and fast-growing field. Hershatter has handled a daunting task with aplomb." -Susan L. Glosser, author of Chinese Visions of Family and State, 1915-1953 WOMEN IN CHINA'S LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY GAIL HERSHATTER Women in China's Long Twentieth CenturyWomen in China's Long Twentieth Century Gail Hershatter Global, Area, and International Archive University of California Press Berkeley los Angeles LondonThe Global, Area, and International Archive (GAIA) is an initiative of International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the University of California Press, the California Digital Library, and international research programs across the UC system. GAIA volumes, which are published in both print and open-access digital editions, represent the best traditions of regional studies, reconfigured through fresh global, transnational, and thematic perspectives.University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. Hershatter, Gail. Women in China's long twentieth century / Gail Hershatter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-520-09856-5 (pbk.: alk. paper), isbn-10: 0-520-09856-0 (pbk.: alk. paper) University of California Press1. Women -China -Social conditions -20th century. 2. Women -Employment -China. 3. Sex role -China. 4. Women and communism -China. 5. Feminism -China. I. University of California, Berkeley. Global, Area, and International Archive. II. Title. HQ1767. H47 2007 305.40951'0904-dc22 2006029808 Manufactured in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39. 48-1992 (r1997) The study of women in twentieth-century China has expanded so quickly since the mid-1980s that a state-of-the-field survey becomes outdate...

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Women in China's Long Twentieth Century

Hershatter¹

2007

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“…Empirical analyses have generated controversial evidence in China. For instance, Maurer-Fazio et al (1999) and Gustafsson and Li (2000) found that female's wages have deteriorated relative to males' wages and that wage difference has increased in cities during the economy transition period. In contrast, Liu et al (2000) reported that wage discrimination against women was less prevalent in organizations that are more market-oriented.…”

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Leisure participation patterns and gender wage gap—evidence from Chinese manufacturing industry

Wei

Wang

2017

China Financ. and Econ. Rev.

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Background: This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women. The traditional view is that time and effort spent in childbearing activities are the major sources of gender wage gap. Women, particularly in Chinese society, are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework, thus lacking time for the accumulation of human capital. This directly affects women's employment status in the labor market as well as wage gaps with men. Methods: This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns. Data were collected via time diary survey from "blue-collar" employees of a Chinese factory, producing parts for cars. Results:The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap. The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society. Conclusion: This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women's need and rights in workplace.

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“…Maurer-Fazio et al (1999) suggested that the higher the level of market-oriented reform in the work unit, the wider will be the gender wage gap in the urban labor market. Zhang (2004) found out similar results and he further identified sub-groups of employees who suffer from the growing wage gaps.…”

Section: Labor Market and Gender Wage Differential In Chinamentioning

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Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China’s Urban Labor Market

Heshmati

2017

Singapore Econ. Rev.

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S ABSTRACT Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China's Urban Labor MarketThis paper estimates the gender wage gap and its composition in China's urban labor market using the 2009 survey data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies. Several estimation and decomposition methods have been used and compared. First, we examine the gender wage gap using ordinary least square regression method with a gender dummy variable. Then, we apply Oaxaca (1973) decomposition method with different weighting systems to analyze the logarithmic wage differential. To be more specific, we prove the existence of sample selection bias caused by the female's labor force participation. We eliminate it by using the Heckman's two-step procedure. Empirical results reveal that male workers generally receive a higher wage than female workers, and a great deal of this difference is unexplained. Meanwhile, this unexplained part, which is usually referred to as discrimination turns out to be higher when the adjustment is made for the selection bias. A further breakdown of the wage gap shows that among all the individual characteristics, occupations explain the largest share of the wage gap, followed by their working experience. On the other hand, education acts as a contributor for discrimination in the labor market.JEL Classification: J70, J31, J16, J78

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Inequality in the Rewards for Holding up Half the Sky: Gender Wage Gaps in China's Urban Labour Market, 1988-1994

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

Women in China's Long Twentieth Century

Women in China's Long Twentieth Century

Leisure participation patterns and gender wage gap—evidence from Chinese manufacturing industry

Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China’s Urban Labor Market

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