Inequalities in self-rated health in Japan 1986–2007 according to household income and a novel occupational classification: national sampling survey series

Hiyoshi, Ayako; Fukuda, Yoshiharu; Shipley, Martin J.; Brunner, Eric J.

doi:10.1136/jech-2013-202608

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…1988 survey was coded 1, 1999 11 and so on, to account for the different time intervals between surveys. The model was adjusted for age in addition to year and education rank [40], [41].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Educational Inequalities in Obesity among Mexican Women: Time-Trends from 1988 to 2012

et al. 2014

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BackgroundObesity is one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Trends in educational inequalities in obesity prevalence among Mexican women have not been analysed systematically to date.MethodsData came from four nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, and 2012) of a total of 51 220 non-pregnant women aged 20 to 49. Weight and height were measured during home visits. Education level (higher education, high school, secondary, primary or less) was self-reported. We analysed trends in relative and absolute educational inequalities in obesity prevalence separately for urban and rural areas.ResultsNationally, age-standardised obesity prevalence increased from 9.3% to 33.7% over 25 years to 2012. Obesity prevalence was inversely associated with education level in urban areas at all survey waves. In rural areas, obesity prevalence increased markedly but there was no gradient with education level at any survey. The relative index of inequality in urban areas declined over the period (2.87 (95%CI: 1.94, 4.25) in 1988, 1.55 (95%CI: 1.33, 1.80) in 2012, trend p<0.001). Obesity increased 5.92 fold (95%CI: 4.03, 8.70) among urban women with higher education in the period 1988–2012 compared to 3.23 fold (95%CI: 2.88, 3.63) for urban women with primary or no education. The slope index of inequality increased in urban areas from 1988 to 2012. Over 0.5 M cases would be avoided if the obesity prevalence of women with primary or less education was the same as for women with higher education.ConclusionsThe expected inverse association between education and obesity was observed in urban areas of Mexico. The declining trend in relative educational inequalities in obesity was due to a greater increase in obesity prevalence among higher educated women. In rural areas there was no social gradient in the association between education level and obesity across the four surveys.

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“…1988 survey was coded 1, 1999 11 and so on, to account for the different time intervals between surveys. The model was adjusted for age in addition to year and education rank [40], [41].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Educational Inequalities in Obesity among Mexican Women: Time-Trends from 1988 to 2012

et al. 2014

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“…The stable or narrowing inequality trends may be related to health changes caused by different factors that affect groups according to their income. 20 It seems that the decrease in absolute inequality is due to the improvement of oral health among all income groups. The unchanged relative inequality might be due to the fact that self-reported oral health improved more among the better-off than among the poor, potentially due to economic and social changes during this period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Did the Expansion of Insurance Coverage for Oral Health Reduce Self-reported Oral Health Inequalities in Korea? Results of Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis, 2007–2015

Kim

Kawachi²

2020

Journal of Epidemiology

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Background: In 2009, the South Korean government expanded universal health insurance to include oral health services. In the present study, we sought to examine whether improved access resulted in a reduction in income-based self-reported oral health inequalities. Methods: We analyzed repeated cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) waves IV through VI (2007-2015). We analyzed self-reported oral health status among 68,431 subjects. Changes in oral health inequalities across four income levels (low, middle-low, middle-high, and high) were assessed with the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII). Results: The average oral health status of children and adolescents improved the most over the observation period. The absolute magnitude of oral health inequalities (measured by the SII) improved for most groups, with the notable exception of young male adults. By contrast, the ratio of poor oral health between high-and low-income groups (measured by the RII) changed little over time, indicating that relative inequalities remained resistant to change. Conclusions: The expansion of dental health insurance may not be sufficient to move the needle on self-reported oral health inequalities among adults.

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“…These scores were then fitted as continuous explanatory variables and the coefficient represented the absolute difference in mean PWV between the lowest (score 1) to the highest level (score 0) of the SES indicator. The strength of the SII is its ability to provide a single summary measure of health disparity, including direction and magnitude, using all data [22]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic status, education, and aortic stiffness progression over 5 years

Trudel

Shipley

McEniery

et al. 2016

Journal of Hypertension

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Objective:The inverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is well documented. Aortic stiffness assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a strong predictor of CVD events. However, no previous study has examined the effect of SES on arterial stiffening over time. The present study examines this association, using several measures of SES, and attained education level in a large ageing cohort of British men and women.Methods:Participants were drawn from the Whitehall II study. The sample was composed of 3836 men and 1406 women who attended the 2008–2009 clinical examination (mean age = 65.5 years). Aortic PWV was measured in 2008–2009 and in 2012–2013 by applanation tonometry. A total of 3484 participants provided PWV measurements on both occasions. The mean difference in 5-year PWV change was examined according to household income, education, employment grade, and father's social class, using linear mixed models.Results:PWV increase [mean: confidence interval (m/s)] over 5 years was higher among participants with lower employment grade (0.38: 0.11–0.65), household income (0.58, 95%: 0.32–0.85), and education (0.30: 0.01, 0.58), after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, namely SBP, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, diabetes, and antihypertensive use.Conclusion:The present study supports the presence of robust socioeconomic disparities in aortic stiffness progression. Our findings suggest that arterial aging could be an important pathophysiological pathway explaining the impact of lower SES on CVD risk.

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Inequalities in self-rated health in Japan 1986–2007 according to household income and a novel occupational classification: national sampling survey series

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Educational Inequalities in Obesity among Mexican Women: Time-Trends from 1988 to 2012

Educational Inequalities in Obesity among Mexican Women: Time-Trends from 1988 to 2012

Did the Expansion of Insurance Coverage for Oral Health Reduce Self-reported Oral Health Inequalities in Korea? Results of Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis, 2007–2015

Socioeconomic status, education, and aortic stiffness progression over 5 years

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