Industry and Labour in the U.S.S.R.

Gross, Edward; Osipov, Gennadiĭ Vasilʹevich

doi:10.2307/2575339

Social Forces

1967

DOI: 10.2307/2575339

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Industry and Labour in the U.S.S.R.

Edward Gross¹,

Gennadiĭ Vasilʹevich Osipov²

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1973

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“…The increase in protein synthesis is not affected by enucleation (2) or inhibition of transcription (3). The increase in protein synthesis reflects the increased capacity of the eggs to synthesize protein, is accompanied by a gradual increase in the number (but not size) of polyribosomes (4), and occurs on mRNA templates synthesized during oogenesis.…”

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Polyadenylation of Maternal RNA of Sea Urchin Eggs After Fertilization

Wilt

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

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Between fertilization, or parthenogenetic activation, and the two-cell stage, the content of polyadenylic acid in sea urchin eggs doubles, and the increase occurs primarily in the ribosome-polyribosome fraction. The increase is due to polyadenylation of preexisting RNA molecules synthesized during oogenesis. The polyadenylation occurs in activated, enucleated merogons. It is argued that cytoplasmic polyadenylation may play a role in mobilization of maternal messenger RNA for translation and the polyadenylic acid does not subserve an exclusively nuclear function.Fertilization or parthenogenetic activation of sea urchin eggs entrains a profound series of changes in the egg, including dramatic increases in synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, as well as complete reorganization of the structure and permeability of the cell surface (1). The increase in protein synthesis is not affected by enucleation (2) or inhibition of transcription (3). The increase in protein synthesis reflects the increased capacity of the eggs to synthesize protein, is accompanied by a gradual increase in the number (but not size) of polyribosomes (4), and occurs on mRNA templates synthesized during oogenesis. The mechanism(s) of sequestration or inactivity of untranslated maternal mRNA of unfertilized eggs and its mobilization into active polysomes after fertilization is unknown.I will report experiments that are based on the assumption that most mRNA molecules of metazoa contain sequences of poly(A) (5). First, I will show that during the 2-hr time span from activation to first cleavage (the time during which protein synthesis attains its maximum) the content of poly(A) doubles, and that the increase occurs primarily in the ribosome-polyribosome fraction of the cell. While this work was in progress, papers reporting similar conclusions appeared (6, 7). Second, the increase in poly(A) is primarily due to a polyadenylation after fertilization of RNA molecules transscribed during oogenesis. Third, polyadenylation occurs in enucleated activated merogons; hence, the reaction is cytoplasmic. Sea urchin gametes were obtained, and embryos were raised in Millipore-filtered sea water containing 50,4g/ml of streptomycin by conventional techniques. Parthenogenetic activation was done by a modified butyric acid method (9) followed by exposure for 20 min to sea water containing an extra 30 g/liter of NaCl, after which the eggs were returned to normal sea water.Merogons were obtained by layering 0.2-1.0 ml of a 20%suspension of eggs over a linear gradient constructed from 1.0 M sucrose and a mixture of equal parts of sea water and 1.0 M sucrose. Gradients were centrifuged in either an SW 39 or SW 25 rotor at 5000 X g (middle of tube) for 6-7 min, followed by centrifugation at 26,000 X g (middle of tube) for 6-10 min. The well-separated egg fragments were collected by dripping the gradients through a puncture made in the bottom of the tube and were immediately washed in normal sea water. Eggs and embryos were fractionated by washing twice in 1.5 ...

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confidence: 99%

Polyadenylation of Maternal RNA of Sea Urchin Eggs After Fertilization

Wilt

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

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Industry and Labour in the U.S.S.R.

Cited by 1 publication

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Polyadenylation of Maternal RNA of Sea Urchin Eggs After Fertilization

Polyadenylation of Maternal RNA of Sea Urchin Eggs After Fertilization

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