Industrially Compatible Fabrication Process of Perovskite-Based Mini-Modules Coupling Sequential Slot-Die Coating and Chemical Bath Deposition

Abstract

To upscale the emerging perovskite photovoltaic technology to larger-size modules, industrially relevant deposition techniques need to be developed. In this work, the deposition of tin oxide used as an electron extraction layer is established using chemical bath deposition (CBD), a lowcost and solution-based fabrication process. Applying this simple lowtemperature deposition method, highly homogeneous SnO 2 films are obtained in a reproducible manner. Moreover, the perovskite layer is prepared by sequentially slot-die coating on top of the n-type contact. The symbiosis of these two industrially relevant deposition techniques allows for the growth of high-quality dense perovskite layers with large grains. The uniformity of the perovskite film is further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and cathodoluminescence measurements allowing us to probe the elemental composition at the nanoscale. Perovskite solar cells fabricated from CBD SnO 2 and slot-die-coated perovskite show power conversion efficiencies up to 19.2%. Furthermore, mini-modules with an aperture area of 40 cm 2 demonstrate efficiencies of 17% (18.1% on active area).

Towards scalability: progress in metal oxide charge transport layers for large-area perovskite solar cells

“…Reproduced with permission. 44 Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (g) Image for electron chemical deposition (ECD).…”

“…Reproduced with permission. 44 Copyright 2022, American Chemistry Society. (e) Illustration of the electrochemical regulation method (left) and J-V curves of thermal annealed and electrochemical regulated SnO 2 -based mini-modules (right).…”

“…CBD SnO 2 samples were prepared with 1, 2, and 3 cycles for 1 hour at 70 °C. 44 This was due to the finding that a single cycle of the CBD reaction did not reliably yield an efficient ETL, primarily due to incomplete coverage of the FTO surface. The optimal reaction was achieved in 2 cycles, resulting in an efficiency of 19.2% in small cells.…”

Numerical Simulation on Preparing Uniform and Stable Perovskite Wet Film in Slot-Die Coating Process

“…Figure e,f shows that the dynamic contact angle (θ 1 ) is 45.48° and the surface tension (σ) is 25.007 mN/m between 0.8 M-FA x Cs 1– x PbI 3 and the substrate, respectively. According to the actual experiment in previous achievements, the coating gap ( H ) and the size of slit ( d ) are determined as 80 − and 50 μm, respectively . The detailed setting parameters and Carreau fitting results (η 0 , η ∞ , n , and λ) of 0.8 M-FA x Cs 1– x PbI 3 are listed in Table , which are used for subsequent calculations.…”

Molecular Synergistic Passivation for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Self‐Powered Photodetectors

“…CBD usually takes a long time to prepare films and requires precise control of the synthesis conditions. [23] E-beam evaporation, as a physical vapor deposition process, has the advantages of low temperature, controllable thickness, and low cost, which benefit mass production and commercial applications. [24,25] It has been reported that TiO x , [26] Nb 2 O 5 , [27] NiO x [28] films were prepared by E-beam evaporation for perovskite photovoltaics.…”