Industrialization, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Modern Division of Labor by Sex

Rau, William; Wazienski, Robert

doi:10.1111/0019-8676.00141

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In examining the intricate concept of women's empowerment, some measures that have been studied are the relationship between development and female labor force participation rate (FLFPR), also known as the U curve hypothesis, (Boserup 1970;Durand 1975;Goldin 1994;Galor & Weil 1996;Rau and Wazienski 1999;Mammen & Paxson 2000;Fuwa et al, 2006;Lincove, 2008), fertility (Galor & Weil 1996;Angeles et al 2005), educational attainment (Lincove 2008;Nuss & Majka 1985;Goldin 1994) , decision making ability (Amin & Lloyd 2002;Fletschner 2008), and the population sex ratio. (Sen 1992) The literature on the enormous opportunities ICTs can provide for women's empowerment is vibrant and wide ranging.…”

Section: Women Empowerment and Ictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ICT on women empowerment in South Asia

Islam

2015

JEFS

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Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been increasingly promoted as a key solution for comprehensive development, poverty eradication and the empowerment of historically disadvantaged groups, such as women and minorities in the South Asia. ICT is a significant area of concern for women empowerment and growth of a country. This paper studied the status of ICT and women empowerment in South Asian countries. Based on empirical research this paper found that ICT has a positive impact on women empowerment. IntroductionThis study is motivated by the potentially powerful role that information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play in the empowerment of women in South Asian countries. Many studies from different regions found that women empowerment and economic development are correlated. Studies also found that ICT ensured empowerment of women. South Asia is an overpopulated area. These nations comprise 21% (around 1.7 billion) of the world's total population of which 48% are women. And to ensure the development of this region women should be empowered. The objective of this study is to identify the status of ICT and its impact on women empower in South Asian countries.ICTs are increasingly promoted as a key solution for comprehensive development, poverty eradication and the empowerment of historically disadvantaged groups, such as women and minorities in

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Section: Women Empowerment and Ictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ICT on women empowerment in South Asia

Islam

2015

JEFS

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“…In fact, most studies on the effect of modernization on women's LMP found an nonlinear relationship, with decreasing LMP in the earlier phase of modernization and increasing LMP in the later phase (e.g. Sinha, 1967;Durand, 1975;Tilly & Scott, 1978;Pampel & Tanaka, 1986;Psacharopoulos & Tzannatos, 1989;Rau & Wazienski, 1999; Lincove, forthcoming). This U-curve relationship has been explained by the different processes taking place in the early and late phases of modernization.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the newly emerging industrial jobs offered no real alternative to them, as their caring duties bounded them to their homes and most new jobs required physical strength and therefore were not considered to be compatible with women's roles at home. Women's employment chances were also reduced by their lower levels of education and training and by sex discrimination at the labor market (Scott & Tilly, 1975;Boserup, 1977, Pampel & Tanaka, 1986Rau & Wazienski, 1999). The upward part of the U-curve has been related to a number of factors and processes taking place in advanced industrial societies that promote the employment of women.…”

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confidence: 99%

Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey

Gündüz-Hosgör

Smits

2008

Women's Studies International Forum

102

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We explore the role of paid work in women ' IntroductionThe labor market participation (LMP) of women varies much among developing countries. There are countries were over 60 percent of adult women is gainfully employed (e.g. Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Ghana), but there are also countries (e.g. Algeria, Egypt, Iran) where less than 20 percent of women is engaged in one or another form of paid labor (ILO, 2006; UN, 2007). Given the central role of work for the empowerment of women, it is important to increase our understanding of the factors that promote or hinder female employment in developing countries. In this paper, we aim to do this by studying the factors that influence women's LMP in Turkey. Turkey is a very interesting case for such a study, because it combines a low level of women's LMP with a strong polarization among the women who are employed. Whereas only one third of married women in Turkey declares themselves to be employed, and many of these women work as (often unpaid) family workers, there is also a small group of highly educated professional women who occupy high-status white collar jobs in the formal economy (ILO, 2006;Gündüz-Hoşgör, 1997; SIS, 2006;Tansel, 2002). To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying this variation, we analyze the effects of socio-economic, cultural, demographic, and geographic background factors on the employment status and occupational position of women in Turkey. Being employed is seen as a major instrument in making women less dependent on their families, which may free them from the suppressing influence of the patriarchal ideologies that stress a subordinate position of women.Central in the paper is the labor market position of married women, categorized as "housewife", "unpaid or paid farm worker", "manual worker", "lower nonmanual worker" or "upper nonmanual worker". Using a large individual-level data set, we determine the effects of characteristics of the women themselves, of their husbands and the households they are living in, and of their (family-)backgrounds on their chances of being in each of these labor market positions. We also study whether there are differences in labor market position between women living in different regions of Turkey, between women living in cities or in the countryside, and between migrant women (who Women's employment in Turkey 3 may be less influenced by their families) and woman who stayed in their region of origin.In the next section, we present an overview of the literature relevant for women's LMP in developing countries. After that, we focus on the situation in Turkey. Theoretical BackgroundRegarding the factors that may influence the labor market position of women in developing countries, several theoretical positions can be distinguished. First, there is classical modernization theory, which relates a country's rate of female LMP to the country's phase in the modernization process by which agrarian societies are transformed into post-industrial ones. Processes that go together with industrialization --like changes in the...

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“…Some of this work also suggests a curvilinear relationship, where gender inequality first increases and then decreases with development much along the lines of evidence of the 'feminization-U', where women's labour force participation first increases and then decreases with industrialization (Rau and Wazienski, 1999;Forsythe et al, 2000). Others argue that the impact of growth and structural change, including globalization, may have negative effects on women's well-being and gender equality (Seguino, 2000a(Seguino, , 2007Berik, 2008).…”

Section: Gender and Growthmentioning

confidence: 92%