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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Cleaning 2.1. Cleaning in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents 2.1.1. Cleaning and Degreasing in Aqueous Media 2.1.2. Cleaning Agents Based on Organic Solvents 2.1.3. Cleaning Process Technology 2.2. Cleaning and Pickling with Salt Baths 2.2.1. Bath Composition and Properties 2.2.2. Descaling of Metals 2.2.3. Casting Cleaning 2.2.4. Coatings Removal 3. Phosphating 3.1. Chemistry 3.2. Methods of Application 3.3. Uses of Phosphate Coatings 4. Case Hardening of Ferrous Metals 4.1. Case Hardening without Chemical Reaction via Phase Boundary 4.1.1. Flame Hardening 4.1.2. Induction Hardening 4.1.3. Laser Hardening 4.1.4. Electron Beam Hardening 4.2. Thermochemical Treatment 4.2.1. Gas Carburizing 4.2.1.1. Principles 4.2.1.2. Properties of Carburized Components 4.2.1.3. Carburizing Methods 4.2.2. Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing 4.2.2.1. Principles 4.2.2.2. Properties of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Components 4.2.2.3. Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Methods 4.2.3. Boriding 4.2.3.1. Principles 4.2.3.2. Boriding Methods 4.2.4. Other Thermochemical Processes 5. Thermal Spraying 5.1. Methods of Thermal Spraying 5.1.1. Flame Spraying 5.1.2. Electric Arc Spraying 5.1.3. Plasma Spraying 5.1.4. High‐Velocity Oxy – Fuel Spraying (HVOF) 5.2. Properties of Thermally Sprayed Coatings 5.3. Materials 5.3.1. Spray Coating Materials 5.3.2. Base Materials 5.4. Applications 6. Coloring 7. Acknowledgement
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Cleaning 2.1. Cleaning in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents 2.1.1. Cleaning and Degreasing in Aqueous Media 2.1.2. Cleaning Agents Based on Organic Solvents 2.1.3. Cleaning Process Technology 2.2. Cleaning and Pickling with Salt Baths 2.2.1. Bath Composition and Properties 2.2.2. Descaling of Metals 2.2.3. Casting Cleaning 2.2.4. Coatings Removal 3. Phosphating 3.1. Chemistry 3.2. Methods of Application 3.3. Uses of Phosphate Coatings 4. Case Hardening of Ferrous Metals 4.1. Case Hardening without Chemical Reaction via Phase Boundary 4.1.1. Flame Hardening 4.1.2. Induction Hardening 4.1.3. Laser Hardening 4.1.4. Electron Beam Hardening 4.2. Thermochemical Treatment 4.2.1. Gas Carburizing 4.2.1.1. Principles 4.2.1.2. Properties of Carburized Components 4.2.1.3. Carburizing Methods 4.2.2. Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing 4.2.2.1. Principles 4.2.2.2. Properties of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Components 4.2.2.3. Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Methods 4.2.3. Boriding 4.2.3.1. Principles 4.2.3.2. Boriding Methods 4.2.4. Other Thermochemical Processes 5. Thermal Spraying 5.1. Methods of Thermal Spraying 5.1.1. Flame Spraying 5.1.2. Electric Arc Spraying 5.1.3. Plasma Spraying 5.1.4. High‐Velocity Oxy – Fuel Spraying (HVOF) 5.2. Properties of Thermally Sprayed Coatings 5.3. Materials 5.3.1. Spray Coating Materials 5.3.2. Base Materials 5.4. Applications 6. Coloring 7. Acknowledgement
The present work focuses on the industrial inhibition of gaseous nitrided parts and on the industrial in-situ pre-treatment that can be used to avoid these inhibitions. The first objective is to obtain a repeatable defective nitriding process on carbon iron-based alloys, while the second is to determine the ability of determined in-situ pre-treatments to counter the previously mastered inhibition. Machining oil is used in order to obtain an industrially consistent inhibition. Its presence before chemical treatment strongly inhibits the adsorption of nitrogen atoms at the other surface, leading to heterogeneous nitriding properties of the treated samples. EDS analysis of oil residues indicates the presence of several elements, such as sulphur and carbon. As several studies already focused on the influence of sulphur on nitriding properties, experimentations on the influence of carbon are detailed. Contamination by carbon deposit leads to similar inhibition as in the case of a machining oil contamination. Literature analyses lead to the determination of three in-situ pre-treatments, namely urea (CH 4 N 2 O), pre-oxidation and ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl), to counter the detrimental effects such contaminations. Although all the processes enable to suppress the nitriding inhibition due to the presence of machining oil, ammonium chloride indicates the best capability to activate the adsorption of nitrogen of machining oil contaminated surfaces.
During production and machining, metal parts come into contact with cooling lubricants which protect the tool from wear. Cooling lubricants are responsible for heat and swarf removal as well as for friction reduction. For this reason they contain additives which form reaction layers not only at the tool surface, but also on the surface of the workpiece. Residues of cooling lubricants are thought to cause problems in surface treatment processes if they are not removed by efficient cleaning/degreasing. This is hardly practicable as long as it is unknown what contamination (and how much of it) has to be removed to obtain a desired physicochemical surface condition. Thus it is necessary to identify the composition of reaction layers and to determine critical surface concentrations which must not be exceeded if the surface treatment process is to function properly. Reaction layers have been prepared on steel by milling using different cutting oils, consisting of a mineral or synthetic base oil and additives in different concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyse surface composition after milling, and electrochemical measurements were carried out to establish the condition of the metal surfaces. Gas nitriding was used as a model surface treatment process to examine the impact of these reaction layers on the reactivity of a steel surface.
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