Industrial Production of VitaminB₂by Microbial Fermentation

Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Microorganisms: An Overview

“…In A. gossypii , DARPP is exposed by a reduction reaction and a subsequent deamination by corresponding enzymes DARPP reductase (encoded by RIB7 ) and DArPP deaminase (encoded by RIB2 ), to generate 5-amino-6-ribityl-amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate (ArPP) ( Figure 1 ). Notably, in B. subtilis , as in plants, the deamination occurs prior to the reduction, which is in the reverse order and is catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme encoded by ribDG ( Pedrolli et al, 2015 ; Revuelta et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is produced by all plants and most microorganisms and is essential for growth and reproduction of humans and animals ( Revuelta et al, 2016 ). Riboflavin performs its biochemical function as a precursor for the coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which are mostly involved in redox reactions of all organisms.…”

“…Additionally, riboflavin promotes the conversion of tryptophan into niacin and vitamins B6 and B9 into their active forms, as well as the mobilization of iron. Therefore, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for human and animal nutrition are 0.4–0.6 mg/day and 0–17.5 mg/kg of riboflavin, respectively ( Revuelta et al, 2016 ; Cisternas et al, 2018 ; EFSA and FEEDAP Panel, 2018 ).…”

“…Global producers, such as BASF (Germany), DSM (formerly Roche; Netherlands), Hubei Guangji Pharmaceuticals, and Shanghai Acebright Pharmaceuticals (formerly Desano; China), derive riboflavin from the cells of industrial microbial strains of Ashbya gossypii , Candida famata var. flareri , and Bacillus subtilis , reaching a titer of up to 15, 20, and 14 g/L, respectively ( Lim et al, 2001 ; Revuelta et al, 2016 ).…”

Multifaceted Applications of Microbial Pigments: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Directions for Public Health Implications

“…In 1932, a yellow dye from aqueous yeast extracts was fractioned by Warburg and Christian. Afterwards, Karrer and Kuhn elucidated the yellow pigment called riboflavin, and both of them were endowed with the Nobel Prizes in chemistry for Karrer and Kuhn 1937 and 1938, respectively [22]. In the early 1970s, the purple pigment bacteriorhodopsin of Halobacterium was discovered [23].…”