Abstract:The sections in this article are
Introduction: From Industrial Electrochemistry to Electrocatalysis
Catalysis in Organic Electrochemistry
Synthesis of Adiponitrile
The
S
imons Process
Bleached Montan Wax—Regeneration of Chromic Acid
Waste Water Tr… Show more
“…Of the different water splitting technologies, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers are arguably the most amenable towards small-scale delocalized storage of renewable electricity. 4 Whereas traditional electrolysers operate in base, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers operate in acid. They hold some distinct advantages over traditional alkaline electrolysers, namely: 14 (a) high efficiency at high current density, (b) the ability to manage fluctuating power inputs, (c) a solid electrolyte, and (d) a fast start up time.…”
Well-defined mass-selected Ru and RuO2 nanoparticles exhibit an order of magnitude improvement in the oxygen evolution activity, relative to the state-of-the-art, with a maximum at around 3–5 nm.
“…Of the different water splitting technologies, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers are arguably the most amenable towards small-scale delocalized storage of renewable electricity. 4 Whereas traditional electrolysers operate in base, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers operate in acid. They hold some distinct advantages over traditional alkaline electrolysers, namely: 14 (a) high efficiency at high current density, (b) the ability to manage fluctuating power inputs, (c) a solid electrolyte, and (d) a fast start up time.…”
Well-defined mass-selected Ru and RuO2 nanoparticles exhibit an order of magnitude improvement in the oxygen evolution activity, relative to the state-of-the-art, with a maximum at around 3–5 nm.
“…[5][6][7][8][9][10] However, 3d TMs are not stable in acids and therefore exclude their application in an acidic solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), which is considered to be more efficient and exquisite for HER compared with the alkaline electrolyser. 11 In recent years, molybdenum-based materials, such as MoS 2 , [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] MoSe 2 , 14,20 Mo 2 C, 21,22 MoB, 22 MoS 2 analogues, 23 NiMoN x , 24 and Co 0.6 Mo 1.4 N 2 , 25 have evolved as possible alternatives for HER in acidic electrolytes, while the durability of Mobased catalysts is still not satisfactory when they suffer strongly acidic electrolytes under the long-time operation or accelerated degradation measurements.…”
Novel non-precious-metal catalysts encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanotubes exhibit high activity and remarkable stability towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic medium.
“…Electrochemical devices [56] and electrolysis of water [60] operated at ambient temperature and pressure [90] in small plants can be helpful in storage, electrochemical energy conversion process, and in transformation, as they require minimal capital investment. In electrochemical production of H 2 O 2 catalyst at the electrodes is of crucial importance so presently, the main challenge in focus is to find a material that can efficiently and selectively produce H 2 O 2 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Electrochemical devices can be helpful in playing a major role in the transformation, as they require minimal capital investment and can be operated at ambient pressures and temperature in small plants. [56] Herein, production of hydrogen peroxide from reduction of oxygen is focused, a chemical with particularly increased electrochemical production. [16] Direct process of H 2 O 2 synthesis does not make use of embedded energy released upon reacting H 2 and potentially explosive mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen are need to be handled during the process.…”
Section: Electrochemical Synthesis Of H 2 Omentioning
Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), first synthesized in 1818 through the acidification of barium peroxide (BaO 2) with nitric acid, is a clear and colorless liquid which is entirely miscible with water and variety of organic solvents such as carboxylic acid and esters. Anthraquinone process (an old production process of H 2 O 2), a batch process carried out in large facilities is an energy demanding process that requires large facilities, and involves oxidation of anthraquinone molecules and sequential hydrogenation. Moreover, the direct synthesis method enables production in a continuous mode as well as it permits small scale, decentralized production. Many drawbacks associated with these processes such as, energetic inefficiency and inherent disadvantages have motivated researchers, industry and academia to find out alternative for synthesis of H 2 O 2. Electrochemical route based on catalyst selectively reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. O 2 is cathodically reduced to produce H 2 O 2 via 2-electron pathway or 4-electron pathway to get H 2 O. Electrolysis of water has an important place in storage and electrochemical energy conversion process where problem is to choose a sufficiently stable and active electrode for anodic oxygen evolution reaction. Most commonly used catalysts on the cathode are carbon based materials such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, carbon sponge, and carbon fiber. In perspective of expanding demand of production and usage of hydrogen peroxide we review the past literature to summarize different production processes of H 2 O 2. In this review, we mainly focus on electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide along with other alternatives, such as anthraquinone method for industrial H 2 O 2 production and direct synthesis process. We also review the catalytic activity, selectivity and stability for enhanced yield of H 2 O 2. From revision of last two decade's literature including experimental and theoretical data; we argue that successful implementation of electrochemical H 2 O 2 production can be realized on the basis of stable, active and selective catalyst.
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