“…Unlike the separated external factors analysis, the regional innovation symbiosis system focuses on comprehensive external factors and how they interact with the participants in the system through network cooperation. Because of the complexities in system structures, network cooperation can impact firms in various ways, such as learning effects (Tambosi et al, 2020), agglomeration effects (Ma & Yue, 2010), synergy effects (Ding et al, 2022; Wang et al, 2018) and spillover effects (He et al, 2018; Ye et al, 2022). These regional effects can benefit firm innovation, for instance, symbiosis systems that promote innovation through industry clustering provide the necessary knowledge for firms within to invest in innovation (Saracci et al, 2015).…”