Industrial chemical bisphenol A and raw milk: a toxicokinetic study in lactating dairy sheep after repeated dietary and subcutaneous administration

Abstract

• Background: Dietary intake is the predominant route for human exposure to bisphenol A and one of the food items important for humans is milk, and BPA-polluted animal feed and environments may thus affect human exposure. The aim of our study was to evaluate the BPA exposure and disposition in sheep milk after repeated dietary and subcutaneous administration of a relatively low dose (100 µg/kg of body weight per day) of BPA to a sheep. • Results: With our toxicokinetic model, we showed that most likely only free BPA passes into the mammary gland and is subsequently conjugated there. The percentage of the dose eliminated with milk was less than 0.1%, regardless of the route of BPA administration. • Conclusions: It is proven that the BPA is eliminated through the milk of lactating sheep. However, the amounts excreted in the milk that were detected in this study are minimal.