Industrial cellulose

Lönnberg, B.

doi:10.1533/9781855737587.22

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Such supramolecular structure of cellulose has been found in cell walls of plants 22 but is important commercially too as cellulose has an estimated production of approximately 10 11 tons per year. 23 Paper products constitute the largest use of cellulose, but other applications include fillers in tablets, fat replacement, texturizing agent, and stabilizer in foods. Commercial microcrystalline cellulose is mainly made from hydrolysis with HCl and formed in high shear rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of Anisotropic Cellulose Suspensions Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Miller

Donald

2003

Biomacromolecules

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The effect of concentration on anisotropic phase behavior of acid-hydrolyzed cellulose suspensions has been examined using conventional polarizing microscopy and the novel technique of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Microcrystalline cellulose dispersed in water formed biphasic suspensions in a narrow concentration range, 4-12 wt % for a suspension pH of 4, where the upper and lower phases were isotropic and anisotropic (chiral nematic), respectively. It is known from previous work that within the biphasic regime total suspension concentration affects only the volume fractions of the two phases, not phase concentration or interfacial packing. As the total suspension concentration surpassed the upper critical limit (c), however, a single anisotropic phase of increasing concentration was observed. It was evident from polarizing microscopy that the chiral nematic pitch of the anisotropic phase decreased with increasing concentration, which has been attributed to a reduction in the electrostatic double layer thickness of the individual rods, thus increasing intermolecular interactions. Chiral nematic textures were also visible using ESEM. This technique has the advantage of studying individual rod orientation within the liquid crystalline phase as it permits the high resolution of electron microscopy to be applied to hydrated samples in their natural state. To our knowledge this is the first time such lyotropic systems have been observed using electron microscopy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of Anisotropic Cellulose Suspensions Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Miller

Donald

2003

Biomacromolecules

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“…larch, Scots pine, Norway spruce, white and black spruce, and balsam fir trees) and deciduous (hardwood) trees (e.g. birch, eucalyptus, beech, linden, and oak trees) [37,38]. Chemical and mechanical methods are used to produce pulp from the raw wood materials.…”

Section: Production Methods Of Flushable Wipesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both pulping techniques are appropriate for producing softwood pulp, hardwoods are stiffer for using in a mechanical pulping process [38]. The price of wood pulp is influenced by climatic factors, fiber demand, and production of natural and synthetic fibers [37]. The average market price of wood pulp in 2017 was USD 898/ton, which was slightly higher than that in 2016 (USD 888/ton) [39].…”

Section: Production Methods Of Flushable Wipesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement in flushable wipes: Modern technologies and characterization

Atasağun

Bhat

2018

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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Flushable wipes, which can be completely disintegrated and dispersed into sewage systems, are some of the disposable nonwoven products. Due to its ease of use, hygiene, efficiency, and consumers' environmental perception, flushable wipe market is growing rapidly. A truly flushable wipe should be biodegradable, dispersible, and compatible with water treatment systems. Flushable wipes can be produced by selecting appropriate materials and production technologies. Assessing the flushability performance of these products is quite important with regard to the environmental pollution. This review includes fibers and substrates, web forming and bonding technologies, which are used for making a truly flushable wipe. In addition, the test methods used for measuring flushability performance and standardization studies of the flushability tests are presented in this study, as well as the effect of wet wipes on the environment.

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“…Although dissolving pulping processes represent less than 3% of the total global chemical pulp production, there has been growth in this industry in recent years [16,88]. The remainder of dissolving pulps are used as feedstocks for products such as cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, and microcrystalline cellulose that are employed in diverse applications including materials as well as food texture and viscosity modifiers [16,90,91]. The remainder of dissolving pulps are used as feedstocks for products such as cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, and microcrystalline cellulose that are employed in diverse applications including materials as well as food texture and viscosity modifiers [16,90,91].…”

Section: Hemicelluloses From Dissolving Pulp Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%