Induction of Yellow Pigmentation in
            <i>Serratia marcescens</i>

Trias, Joaquim; Viñas, Marc; Guinea, J.; Lorén, J. Gaspar

doi:10.1128/aem.54.12.3138-3141.1988

“…Furthermore, the release of benzoic acid derivatives (for example 2,3‐DHBA) acting as low‐affinity ion‐chelating substances was shown previously as a constitutive mechanism commonly applied in Azotobacteriaceae . Pigment production stimulated by metabolites from ortho ‐dihydroxylated aromatic acid degradation (for example 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 3,4‐DHBA, and 2,5‐DHBA) was also previously shown in Serratia marcescens and Cryptococcus neoformans . The remarkable elevation of the A. chroococcum PO activity could therefore be interpreted as cellular response to copper, as previously suggested , and could serve as a mechanism to reduce the toxicity caused by additional supplementation of this metal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Investigating the effects of metals on phenol oxidase‐producing nitrogen‐fixing Azotobacter chroococcum

Herter

¹

,

Schmidt

²

,

Thompson

³

et al. 2012

J. Basic Microbiol

1

0

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Expression of phenol oxidases (PO) in bacteria is often observed during physiological and morphological changes; in the nitrogen-fixing strain Azotobacter chroococcum SBUG 1484, it is accompanied by the formation of encysted cells and melanin. Herein, we studied the effects of copper and the depletion of the nitrogenase-relevant metals molybdenum and iron on physiological characteristics such as culture pigmentation, release of ortho-dihydroxylated melanin precursors, and expression of PO activity in A. chroococcum. Biomass production and melanogenic appearance were directly affected by the depletion of either iron or molybdenum, or in the absence of both metals. Only nitrogen-fixing cells growing in the presence of both metals and cultures supplemented with iron (molybdenum starved) showed the ability to produce an intensively brown-black melanin pigment typically associated with A. chroococcum. Accordingly, PO production was only detected in the presence of both metals and in iron-supplemented cultures starved of molybdenum. The total amount of catecholate siderophores produced by nitrogen-fixing melanogenic cells was considerably higher than in cultures starved of metal ions. Induction of enhanced PO activity was stimulated by additional copper sulfate, possibly related to cellular processes involved in the detoxification of this particular metal, and revealed distinct release of the ortho-dihydroxylated melanin precursors catechol and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid.

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“…Enzyme activity on the polyacrylamide gel was visualized by the method of Trias et al (1988). The reaction mixture contained 0.02 M sodium/potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and 4 mM DHPA; a yellow colour, corresponding to CHMSA, quickly appeared.…”

Section: Electrophoresismentioning

confidence: 99%

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Mg2+-containing dioxygenase involved in aromatic catabolism

Gibello

¹

,

Ferrer

²

,

Martín

³

et al. 1994

Biochemical Journal

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3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase, an extradiol-ring-cleavage dioxygenase, has been purified from Klebsiella pneumoniae to homogeneity. The enzyme has an M(r) of 102,000 in its tetrameric form with an M(r) of 25,500 for each subunit. Unlike most other dioxygenases, the enzyme reported here contains Mg2+, as determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and plasma emission metal analysis. The enzyme was shown to contain approx. 1 g-atom of Mg2+/mol of protein and we suggest an alpha 4 Mg2+ quaternary structure. This is the first report of a dioxygenase containing Mg2+ in its structure.

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Serratia

Grimont¹,

Grimont²

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Ser.ra' ti.a . M.L. fem. n. Serratia named after Serafino Serrati, an Italian physicist. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Serratia Straight rods , 0.5–0.8 × 0.9–2.0 µm in length, with rounded ends. Conform to the general definition of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Gram negative, generally motile , by means of peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic. Nitrate and chlorate are reduced anaerobically. Growth factors are generally not required . Colonies on nutrient agar are most often opaque, somewhat iridescent, and either white, pink, or red in color . Almost all strains can grow at temperatures between 10 and 36°C, at pH 5–9, and in the presence of 0–4% (w/v) NaCl. The catalase reaction is strongly positive. d ‐ Glucose is fermented through the Embden–Meyerhof pathway. The major glucose entry route involves a phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent phosphotransferase system with both enzyme II Glc (glucose permease) and enzyme II Man (mannose permease). Glucose is also oxidized to gluconate in the presence of pyrroloquinoline quinone. Gluconate is oxidized to 2‐ketogluconate. Acetoin is produced from pyruvate by all species except S. fonticola . Fructose, D ‐galactose, maltose, D ‐mannitol, D ‐mannose, ribose, and trehalose are fermented and utilized as sole carbon sources. L ‐fucose is fermented and utilized as sole carbon source by all species except S. fonticola . L ‐sorbose is not fermented or utilized as sole carbon source. All species but S. fonticola fail to ferment or utilize dulcitol and tagatose. N ‐acetylglucosamine, D ‐alanine, L ‐alanine, citrate, D ‐galacturonate, D ‐glucosamine, D ‐glucuronate, 2‐ketogluconate, L ‐proline, putrescine, L ‐serine are utilized as sole carbon sources by most strains. Caprate, caproate, caprylate , and tyrosine are utilized as sole carbon sources by all species except S. fonticola . 5‐Aminovalerate, butyrate, m ‐coumarate, ethanolamine and tryptamine are not utilized as sole carbon sources. All species except S. fonticola fail to utilize 3‐phenylpropionate. All species except S. entomophila fail to utilize itaconate. Phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan deaminases and thiosulfate reductase (H 2 S from thiosulfate) are not produced. o ‐ Nitrophenyl ‐β‐ d ‐ galactopyranoside (ONPG) is hydrolyzed by most strains . Esculin is hydrolyzed by most strains except S. proteamaculans subsp. quinovora . Extracellular enzymes of all species except S. fonticola hydrolyze DNA, lipids (tributyrin, corn oil) and proteins (gelatin, casein), but not starch (in four days), polygalacturonic acid, or pectin. Tween‐80 is hydrolyzed by all species except S. odorifera . The organisms occur in the natural environment (soil, water, plant surfaces) or as opportunistic human pathogens . The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 52–60. Type species : Serratia marcescens Bizio 1823, 288.

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Induction of Yellow Pigmentation in Serratia marcescens

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Investigating the effects of metals on phenol oxidase‐producing nitrogen‐fixing Azotobacter chroococcum

Investigating the effects of metals on phenol oxidase‐producing nitrogen‐fixing Azotobacter chroococcum

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Mg2+-containing dioxygenase involved in aromatic catabolism

Serratia

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