Induction of trained immunity by influenza vaccination - impact on COVID-19

Debisarun, Priya A.; Gössling, Katharina L.; Bulut, Özlem; Kılıç, Gizem; Zoodsma, Martijn; Liu, Zhaoli; Oldenburg, Marina; Rüchel, Nadine; Zhang, Bowen; Xu, Cheng‐Jian; Struycken, P.M.; Koeken, Valerie A C M; Domínguez‐Andrés, Jorge; Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M.; Taks, Esther; Ostermann, Philipp Niklas; Müller, Lisa; Schaal, Heiner; Adams, Ortwin; Oever, Jaap ten; Crevel, Reinout van; Li, Yang; Netea, Mihai G.

doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.21263028

Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

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“…There has been some speculation that the flu shot may also provide some protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease [3]. Researchers have proposed several mechanisms, such as trained immunity [4] [5][6] [7][8] [9][10] [11], increased cytokine production [12] [13], and viral interference [14], to explain how heterologous or nonspecific effects (NSEs) induced by available non-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could potentially prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce COVID-19 disease. [15] Despite some small studies have shown that there is not enough evidence to claim that influenza vaccination has no efficacy against Covid-19 during the beginning of the global pandemic before delta and omicron-variant [16][17] [18], more studies conducted with a larger sample size suggested differently including studies conducted in Brazil [19], Turkey [20], Canada [21], Italy [22] [23], and other states within the US [24][25] [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

Lee,

Liu,

Yuan

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundSome studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospitalization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts and a lack of comprehensive data on patient characteristics. No studies have examined this question during the Delta and Omicron periods (08/01/2021 to 2/22/2022).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of influenza-vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in the Corewell Health East(CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health), Corewell Health West(CHW, formerly known as Spectrum Health) and Michigan Medicine (MM) healthcare system during the Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods. We used a test-negative, case-control analysis to assess the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 outcome in adults, while controlling for individual characteristics as well as pandameic severity and waning immunity of COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsThe influenza vaccination has shown to provided some protection against SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized outcome across three main healthcare systems. CHE site (odds ratio [OR]=0.73, vaccine effectiveness [VE]=27%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [18-35], p<0.001), CHW site (OR=0.85, VE=15%, 95% CI: [6-24], p<0.001), MM (OR=0.50, VE=50%, 95% CI: [40-58], p <0.001) and overall (OR=0.75, VE=25%, 95% CI: [20-30], p <0.001).ConclusionThe influenza vaccine provides a small degree of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection across our study sites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

Lee,

Liu,

Yuan

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Does Influenza vaccination reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19?

Alòs¹,

Zaldúa²,

Feijóo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The concurrent timing of the COVID-19 pandemic and the seasonal occurrence of influenza, makes it especially important to analyze the possible effect of the influenza vaccine on the risk of contracting COVID-19, or in reducing the complications caused by both diseases, especially in vulnerable populations. There is very little scientific information on the possible protective role of the influenza vaccine against the risk of contracting COVID-19, particularly in groups at high-risk of influenza complications. Reducing the risk of contracting COVID-19 in high-risk patients (those with a higher risk of infection, complications, and death) is essential to improve public well-being and to reduce hospital pressure and the collapse of primary health centers. Apart from overlapping in time, COVID-19 and flu share common aspects of transmission, so that measures to protect against flu might be effective in reducing the risk of contracting COVID-19. In this study, we conclude that the risk of contracting COVID-19 is reduced if patients are vaccinated against flu, but the reduction is small (0.22%) and therefore not clinically important. When this reduction is analysed based on the risk factor suffered by the patient, statistically significant differences have been obtained for patients with cardiovascular problems, diabetics, chronic lung and chronic kidney, in all four cases the reduction in the risk of contagion does not reach 1%. It is worth highlighting the behaviour that is completely different from the rest of the data for institutionalized patients. The data for these patients does not suggest a reduction in the risk of contagion for patients vaccinated against the flu, but rather the opposite, a significant increase of 6%. Socioeconomic conditions, as measured by the MEDEA deprivation index, explain increases in the risk of contracting COVID-19, and awareness campaigns should be increased to boost vaccination programs.

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The Third Dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Does Not “Boost” Disease Flares and Adverse Events in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

et al. 2023

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Data on the risk of adverse events (AEs) and disease flares in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) after the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine are scarce. The aim of this multicenter, prospective study is to analyze the clinical and immunological safety of BNT162b2 vaccine in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients followed-up from the first vaccine cycle to the third dose. The vaccine showed an overall good safety profile with no patient reporting serious AEs, and a low percentage of total AEs at both doses (40/78 (51.3%) and 13/47 (27.7%) patients after the second and third dose, respectively (p < 0.002). Flares were observed in 10.3% of patients after the end of the vaccination cycle and 12.8% after the third dose. Being vaccinated for influenza was inversely associated with the onset of AEs after the second dose, at both univariable (p = 0.013) and multivariable analysis (p = 0.027). This result could allow identification of a predictive factor of vaccine tolerance, if confirmed in larger patient populations. A higher disease activity at baseline was not associated with a higher incidence of AEs or disease flares. Effectiveness was excellent after the second dose, with only 1/78 (1.3%) mild breakthrough infection (BI) and worsened after the third dose, with 9/47 (19.2%) BI (p < 0.002), as a probable expression of the higher capacity of the Omicron variants to escape vaccine recognition.

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Induction of trained immunity by influenza vaccination - impact on COVID-19

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

Does Influenza vaccination reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19?

The Third Dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Does Not “Boost” Disease Flares and Adverse Events in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

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