Induction of T Lymphocytes Specific for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Calves with Maternal Antibody

Abstract

Passive antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) acquired through colostrum intake may interfere with the development of a protective immune response by calves to this virus. The objective of this study was to determine if calves, with a high level of maternal antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), develop CD4 + , CD8 + , or γδ T lymphocyte responses to BVDV in the absence of a measurable humoral immune response. Colostrum or milk replacer fed calves were challenged with virulent BVDV at 2-5 weeks of age and/ or after maternal antibody had waned. Calves exposed to BVDV while passive antibody levels were high did not mount a measurable humoral immune response to BVDV. However, compared to nonexposed animals, these animals had CD4 + , CD8 + , and γδ T lymphocytes that were activated by BVDV after exposure to in vitro BVDV. The production of IFNγ by lymphocytes after in vitro BVDV exposure was also much greater in lymphocytes from calves exposed to BVDV in the presence of maternal antibody compared to the nonexposed calves. These data indicate that calves exposed to BVDV while maternal antibody levels are high can develop antigen specific CD4 + , CD8 + , and γδ T lymphocytes in the absence of an active antibody response. A manuscript presented separately demonstrates that the calves with T lymphocytes specific for BVDV in this study were also protected from virulent BVDV genotype 2 challenge after maternal antibody became undetectable. Colostrum or milk replacer fed calves were challenged with virulent BVDV at 2-5 weeks of age and/or after maternal antibody had waned. Calves exposed to BVDV while passive antibody levels were high did not mount a measurable humoral immune response to BVDV. However, compared to nonexposed animals, these animals had CD4 1 , CD8 1 , and gd T lymphocytes that were activated by BVDV after exposure to in vitro BVDV. The production of IFNg by lymphocytes after in vitro BVDV exposure was also much greater in lymphocytes from calves exposed to BVDV in the presence of maternal antibody compared to the nonexposed calves. These data indicate that calves exposed to BVDV while maternal antibody levels are high can develop antigen specific CD4 1 , CD8 1 , and gd T lymphocytes in the absence of an active antibody response. A manuscript presented separately demonstrates that the calves with T lymphocytes specific for BVDV in this study were also protected from virulent BVDV genotype 2 challenge after maternal antibody became undetectable.

Development of an APC-targeted multivalent E2-based vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus types 1 and 2

“…This characteristic of the vaccine may be valuable under field conditions where multiple variables can affect the process of colostrum, undoubtedly having a higher concentration of IgG1 antibodies against BVDV in it would be an advantage. Although humoral memory is an important factor in preventing and controlling BVDV infection, the scientific evidences suggest that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important in protection against BVDV-induced disease in cattle [17]. To achieve this assessment, some cellular immunity parameters were studied in the vaccinated CDCs.…”

Strategies for Design and Application of Enteric Viral Vaccines

“…In lymphoid tissues, the cytokines secreted by T lymphocytes and other immune system cells are major determinants of class switching by B cells. Some vaccine studies with respiratory viral pathogens have shown a role of T cells in protection of young calves and have demonstrated the generation of antigen-specific T cell responses in the presence of maternal antibodies (44,67,68). A similar concept may be applied to enteric viral vaccines.…”

Febrile Response and Decrease in Circulating Lymphocytes Following Acute Infection of White-Tailed Deer Fawns With Either a Bvdv1 or a Bvdv2 Strain

“…Those studies used cervids that tested serologically negative for BVDV under the assumption that serologically negative equated with immunologically naive. However, we have observed in studies with cattle that exposure to BVDV when colostral antibodies are present results in a protective T cell response that is not accompanied by a serologic response Endsley et al, 2004). The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical presentation in white-tailed deer, with known BVDV exposure, following inoculation with a BVDV that had been previously isolated from white-tailed deer.…”