“…A random survey of very recently published papers in which intranasal instillation was employed for delivery of infectious agents (bacterial and fungal pathogens) to the lungs of mice revealed that researchers used a wide range of dose volumes in combination with a variety of anesthesia types as follows: i) 20 µl instillation volume under pentobarbital [28] or ketamine/xylazine anesthesia [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], ii) 25 µl instillation volume under either pentobarbital [34] or ketamine/xylazine anesthesia [35], iii) 30 µl instillation volume under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia [36], iv) 35 µl instillation volume under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia [37], v) 40 µl instillation volume under isoflurane anesthesia [38], vi) 50 µl instillation volume under either ketamine/xylazine [39], isoflurane [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], halothane [45], [46], and vii) 100 µl instillation volume under isoflurane anesthesia [47]. Moreover, a number of recent papers either supplied information regarding the dose volume used without indicating the type of anesthesia [48], [49], indicated the anesthesia used but failed to indicate the dose volume [50], [51], or supplied no information regarding either the dose volume or anesthesia [52], [53], [54] used for intranasal instillation.…”