Induction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of PRRSV-infected pigs

Nedumpun, Teerawut; Sirisereewan, Chaitawat; Thanmuan, Chanoknun; Techapongtada, Pong; Puntarotairung, Rinlapas; Naraprasertkul, Sarun; Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje; Suradhat, Sanipa

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.014

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…However, the Treg response in pigs after PRRSV infection is controversial. Although some studies have revealed increased frequencies of Tregs after PRRSV infection [36,37,58], other studies revealed that the induction of Tregs was not changed and even suppressed after infection [7,27]. These conflicting results could be due to the strainspecific response of the pigs to the virus after challenge or to the method used to evaluate the changes in the Treg response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These conflicting results could be due to the strainspecific response of the pigs to the virus after challenge or to the method used to evaluate the changes in the Treg response. Several studies have revealed that Tregs are induced due to PRRSV infection, but most of these studies were performed using in vitro or ex vivo assays in which PBMC and mononuclear cells isolated from the lungs and lymph nodes of pigs were infected or reinfected with PRRSV and subsequently observed to monitor the proliferation of various T-cell subsets [36,37,58]. However, some ex vivo assays have also demonstrated the inability of certain strains of PRRSV to induce Tregs [59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Nazki

Khatun

Jeong

et al. 2020

Vet Res

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The host-associated defence system responsible for the clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from infected pigs is currently poorly understood. To better understand the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, seventy-five of 100 pigs infected with PRRSV-JA142 and 25 control pigs were euthanized at 3, 10, 21, 28 and 35 days post-challenge (dpc). Blood, lung, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial lymph node (BLN) samples were collected to evaluate the cellular immune responses. The humoral responses were evaluated by measuring the levels of anti-PRRSV IgG and serum virus-neutralizing (SVN) antibodies. Consequently, the highest viral loads in the sera and lungs of the infected pigs were detected between 3 and 10 dpc, and these resulted in moderate to mild interstitial pneumonia, which resolved accompanied by the clearance of most of the virus by 28 dpc. At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocytederived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. Conversely, the systemic T-cell responses measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were delayed and significantly induced only after the peak viremic stage between 3 and 10 dpc. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of immune responses in the lung could be the key elements for restraining PRRSV through the early induction of T-cell responses at the sites of virus replication. © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article' s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article'

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Nazki

Khatun

Jeong

et al. 2020

Vet Res

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“…In contrast, CD200/CD200R1 signalling pathway limited type I IFN production during coronavirus infection protecting the host from cytokine storm (Vaine and Soberman, 2014). In addition, FoxP3 has been reported as a potential inhibitor of the cell-mediated immune response in pigs upon PRRSV infection (Ferrarini et al, 2015;Silva-Campa et al, 2009; but also induction of Tregs has been described in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes in PRRSV-infected pigs (Nedumpun et al, 2018). However, its role in the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-induced lung injury is unexplored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CD200 receptor 1 (CD200R1), expressed on myeloid cells and B cell subsets (Poderoso et al, 2019), is an inhibitory surface receptor that might deliver inhibitory signals dampening the activation of cells which express it (Vaine and Soberman, 2014). Thus, both immune markers might play an important role inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines (Elmore et al, 2014;Nedumpun et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2019;Vaine and Soberman, 2014;Wang et al, 2018), lessening the exuberant lung injury observed with virulent PRRSV-1 strains. Whereas all these markers may play a key role in PRRSV virulence, there are scarce studies analysing their role in the context of the lung lesion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena

Sánchez‐Carvajal

Rodríguez-Gómez

Ruedas‐Torres

et al. 2020

Veterinary Microbiology

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein + cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein + cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163 + macrophages. The number of CD14 + and iNOS + cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1 + and FoxP3 + cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1 + cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.

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“…It is reported that SARS-CoV can directly invade hilar lymph nodes and mesenteric root lymph nodes both in humans and civets [55,56], indicating that lymph nodes, especially in the lung and intestine, are also main target organs. There is also an abundant lymphatic network in the mucosa of the eyes [57], oral tissues [58], and tracheal bronchus [59], which may be also invaded by SARS-CoV-2. When peripheral lymphoid tissue is invaded, the virus eventually enters blood circulation via the flow of lymph fluid.…”

Section: Lymphatics And/or Cerebrospinal Fluid Routementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in only 3 months. In addition to major respiratory distress, characteristic neurological manifestations are also described, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may be an underestimated opportunistic pathogen of the brain. Based on previous studies of neuroinvasive human respiratory coronaviruses, it is proposed that after physical contact with the nasal mucosa, laryngopharynx, trachea, lower respiratory tract, alveoli epithelium, or gastrointestinal mucosa, SARS-CoV-2 can induce intrinsic and innate immune responses in the host involving increased cytokine release, tissue damage, and high neurosusceptibility to COVID-19, especially in the hypoxic conditions caused by lung injury. In some immunecompromised individuals, the virus may invade the brain through multiple routes, such as the vasculature and peripheral nerves. Therefore, in addition to drug treatments, such as pharmaceuticals and traditional Chinese medicine, non-pharmaceutical precautions, including facemasks and hand hygiene, are critically important.

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Induction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of PRRSV-infected pigs

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

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