Induction of Lytic Enzymes by the Interaction of Ustilago maydis with Zea mays Tissues

Cano-Canchola, Carmen; Acevedo, Leandro Gabriel Ordoñez; Ponce-Noyola, Patricia; Flores-Martínez, Alberto; Flores-Carreón, Arturo; Leal-Morales, Carlos A.

doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1196

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The majority of the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in U. maydis (38,43,44) are specifically expressed and secreted during biotrophic plant-dependent growth (29,45).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…maydis exhibits filamentous growth during plant infection and colonization. However, it can also grow saprotrophically as unicellular haploid yeast and proliferates in simple medium in axenic culture with various hexoses and pentoses as a carbon source (25,38). In the yeast form, the fungus is nonpathogenic and amenable to genetic manipulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a plant pathogen, U. maydis possesses a limited but complete set of hydrolases that in theory enable the utilization of complex substrates, like cellulose, xylan, or pectin, for growth (21,38,43,44). However, transcription studies revealed that gene expression for most of these CAZymes is restricted to the phase of infection, when the fungus invades the plant and proliferates, while they are often dormant during the industrially relevant yeast-like growth (45).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

Geiser

Reindl

Blank

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The microbial conversion of plant biomass to valuable products in a consolidated bioprocess could greatly increase the ecologic and economic impact of a biorefinery. Current strategies for hydrolyzing plant material mostly rely on the external application of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Alternatively, production organisms can be engineered to secrete CAZymes to reduce the reliance on externally added enzymes. Plant-pathogenic fungi have a vast repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes to sustain their lifestyle, but expression of the corresponding genes is usually highly regulated and restricted to the pathogenic phase. Here, we present a new strategy in using the biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis for the degradation of plant cell wall components by activating its intrinsic enzyme potential during axenic growth. This fungal model organism is fully equipped with hydrolytic enzymes, and moreover, it naturally produces value-added substances, such as organic acids and biosurfactants. To achieve the deregulated expression of hydrolytic enzymes during the industrially relevant yeast-like growth in axenic culture, the native promoters of the respective genes were replaced by constitutively active synthetic promoters. This led to an enhanced conversion of xylan, cellobiose, and carboxymethyl cellulose to fermentable sugars. Moreover, a combination of strains with activated endoglucanase and ␤-glucanase increased the release of glucose from carboxymethyl cellulose and regenerated amorphous cellulose, suggesting that mixed cultivations could be a means for degrading more complex substrates in the future. In summary, this proof of principle demonstrates the potential applicability of activating the expression of native CAZymes from phytopathogens in a biocatalytic process. IMPORTANCEThis study describes basic experiments that aim at the degradation of plant cell wall components by the smut fungus Ustilago maydis. As a plant pathogen, this fungus contains a set of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes that may be suited for biomass degradation. However, its hydrolytic enzymes are specifically expressed only during plant infection. Here, we provide the proof of principle that these intrinsic enzymes can be synthetically activated during the industrially relevant yeast-like growth. The fungus is known to naturally synthesize valuable compounds, such as itaconate or glycolipids. Therefore, it could be suited for use in a consolidated bioprocess in which more complex and natural substrates are simultaneously converted to fermentable sugars and to value-added compounds in the future. O ne central aim of a sustainable bioeconomy is the switch from fossil-to bio-based production of platform chemicals and other valuable substances. To date, the most promising feedstock for biorefineries is lignocellulosic nonfood plant biomass (1). Lignocellulose is a complex composite mainly consisting of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, and lignin (2). The selective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass comprises different steps: pret...

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“…The majority of the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in U. maydis (38,43,44) are specifically expressed and secreted during biotrophic plant-dependent growth (29,45).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

Geiser

Reindl

Blank

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The differences of these two isoforms may be linked to the fungal growth ability on different host tissues and during the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of infection (Wei et al 2002). The pectinolytic enzyme production was also studied at the biochemical level during corn smut development in two strains of Ustilago maydis differing in their pathogenicity (Cano-Canchola et al 2000). Chlorosis and production of teliospores was coupled with an increase in PL activity 3-4 days after inoculation while anthocyanin production and formation of galls was associated with PG production 7-8 days after inoculation.…”

Section: Pectinolytic Enzymes From Non-macerating Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of fungal pectinolytic enzymes in plant invasion, host adaptability and symptom type

Reignault

Valette-Collet²,

Boccara

2007

Eur J Plant Pathol

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This review describes the extent to which recent works performed in the last decade have clarified the role of different pectinase activities in pathogenicity of fungi responsible for a wide array of diseases. Beyond physiological or biochemical investigations, strategies that have been used include gene cloning and expression studies as well as gene disruption or replacement. Pectinase involvement in fungal diseases has been considered according to the type of symptoms produced by the studied fungi. Although pectinolytic enzymes are clearly important for soft rot diseases, their role cannot be anticipated for other diseases as a whole. Each symptom type must therefore be investigated separately. Moreover, before antifungal strategies can be considered, several strains and/or mutants must be analysed.

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“…Too has been suggested that these enzymes are important in the pathogenesis of some microorganisms [6,7,10,18,29,30], and recently, has been reported an alcohol dehydrogenase involved in fungal virulence of Fusarium oxysporum [31].…”

Section: Effect Of Temperature and Protein Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Extracellular Lytic Enzymes by <i>Fusarium solani</i>

Moctezuma-Zárate¹,

Vargas-Morales²,

González³

et al. 2013

AiM

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Fusarium solani is a necrotrophic parasitic fungus that causes wilt in some plants, causing severe economic losses in some areas of the country. The objective of this work was to analyze the induction of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by a strain of F. solani, isolated from a culture of tomato, in Villa de Arista, S.L.P. México. Polygalacturonase activity has a greater induction time at 10 days, and the xylanase has two times higher activity at 8 and 13 days of incubation at 28˚C. Also, the xylanase activities A and B were very stable at 4˚C. After 7 days of incubation, it has an activity of 100% and 96%, respectively, while polygalacturonase retains 61% of its initial activity. Both activities are better induced with glutamate and urea as nitrogen sources respectively, and both exhibit an initial pH optimum of 5.5. Finally, we didn't find cellulase activity in the analyzing conditions.

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Induction of Lytic Enzymes by the Interaction of Ustilago maydis with Zea mays Tissues

Cited by 38 publications

References 26 publications

Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

The importance of fungal pectinolytic enzymes in plant invasion, host adaptability and symptom type

Induction of Extracellular Lytic Enzymes by <i>Fusarium solani</i>

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Induction of Lytic Enzymes by the Interaction of Ustilago maydis with Zea mays Tissues

Cited by 38 publications

References 26 publications

Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

Activating Intrinsic Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes of the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis for the Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Components

The importance of fungal pectinolytic enzymes in plant invasion, host adaptability and symptom type

Induction of Extracellular Lytic Enzymes by &lt;i&gt;Fusarium solani&lt;/i&gt;

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Induction of Extracellular Lytic Enzymes by <i>Fusarium solani</i>